BEYOND CENTRALISM: THE EVOLUTION AND CHALLENGES OF PARADIPLOMACY IN THE UNITARY STATES – A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIA

Autores

  • LUKMAN HAKIM
  • PURNAWAN DWIKORA NEGARA
  • SIRAJUDDIN
  • QATRUNNADA HAMPARAN MELATI

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.17.1.21

Palavras-chave:

Paradiplomacia, governança subnacional, governança multinível, atuação, diplomacia descentralizada

Resumo

A paradiplomacia surgiu como um mecanismo crítico para os governos subnacionais se envolverem internacionalmente em resposta à globalização e à descentralização. Embora amplamente estudada em sistemas federais, sua dinâmica dentro de Estados unitários permanece pouco explorada. Este estudo examina a evolução e a institucionalização da paradiplomacia na Indonésia por meio de estudos de caso qualitativos da província de Java Ocidental e da cidade de Surabaya. Com base na estrutura multidimensional de Kuznetsov, complementada por teorias de governança multinível, atuação e soft power, a análise destaca como os atores subnacionais lidam com ambiguidades jurídicas, restrições institucionais e centralização política para afirmar sua agência na governança global. As conclusões revelam que a visão de liderança, a inovação institucional, o networking estratégico e as estratégias de governança adaptativa, em vez da autoridade jurídica formal, impulsionam o sucesso da paradiplomacia na Indonésia. Apesar das conquistas notáveis, desafios sistêmicos — como coordenação fragmentada, incerteza jurídica e limitações de capacidade — restringem o potencial total do envolvimento internacional subnacional. Este estudo expande a teoria da paradiplomacia além dos contextos federais, enfatizando a importância de mecanismos informais, estratégias em rede e alinhamento com as agendas de desenvolvimento nacional para capacitar atores subnacionais dentro de sistemas políticos centralizados.

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Biografias Autor

LUKMAN HAKIM

Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Universitas Widyagama Malang (Indonesia). He earned his Bachelor’s and Doctoral degrees in Law from Universitas Brawijaya and his Master’s degree from Universitas Padjadjaran. His academic expertise includes constitutional law, state institutional law, international law, and legal theory. He has led numerous nationally funded research projects and published extensively in reputable journals on constitutional reform, state commissions, and governance. He is also the author of several books on constitutional and state institutional law.

PURNAWAN DWIKORA NEGARA

Senior lecturer in the Faculty of Law at Universitas Widyagama Malang (Indonesia). He obtained his Bachelor’s degree from the University of Jember and completed his Master’s and Doctoral degrees in Law at Universitas Diponegoro. His teaching and research focus on environmental law, natural resources law, human rights law, spatial planning law, and socio-legal studies. He has conducted various research projects and community engagement programs related to environmental protection, legal reform, and cultural preservation.

SIRAJUDDIN

Lecturer at the Faculty of Law and Postgraduate Program of Universitas Widyagama Malang (Indonesia). He obtained his Bachelor’s degree from Universitas Widyagama and completed his Master’s and Doctoral degrees in Law at Universitas Brawijaya. His research interests include constitutional law, administrative law, legislative drafting, public policy, and judicial ethics. He has published numerous books and scholarly articles on constitutionalism, public governance, and legislative reform, and actively contributes to academic forums on state and administrative law in Indonesia.

QATRUNNADA HAMPARAN MELATI

MSc student in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management (Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Programme – MESPOM), studying at Central European University, Austria, the University of the Aegean, Greece, and Lund University, Sweden. She earned her Bachelor of Social Science from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan, majoring in Asia Pacific Studies. Her research interests focus on environmental justice, gender and environmental movements, sustainable development, and social conflicts arising from ecological transformation. She has been actively involved in environmental advocacy initiatives and youth-based gender equality movements (Indonesia).

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Publicado

2026-05-04

Edição

Vol. 17 N.º 1 (2026)

Secção

ARTIGOS