Janus

MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE OF WORLD ORDER STUDIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

KHUSHBU DAHIYA, PARDEEP KUMAR — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of "world order" is pivotal in understanding international relations and global dynamics. This bibliometric study maps the landscape of world order research, analyzing publication trends, intellectual structures, and future directions from 1990 to 2023. Using the Scopus database, 6762 relevant documents were identified and analyzed through keyword, co-authorship, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analyses. The study highlights the increasing volume of publications, with major contributions from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Leading journals such as "International Affairs" and "Third World Quarterly" are key platforms for world order discourse. Influential works by scholars like G.J. Ikenberry and Amitav Acharya have significantly shaped the field. Several thematic clusters were identified, focusing on polarity, power dynamics, economic shifts post-2008 financial crisis, and China's rising influence. Future research should explore the evolving multipolar world order, the role of emerging powers, and the impact of technological advancements on geopolitical stability. This analysis not only synthesizes existing literature but also provides a conceptual framework for future research, addressing gaps and proposing new directions in the study of world order.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: NAVIGATING OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

SÉRGIO SILVA — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the field of International Relations (IR) by reshaping diplomacy, security, and global governance. This article employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, systematically reviewing and synthesizing existing literature to analyse AI’s applications and implications in IR. It explores AI's potential to enhance diplomatic decision-making through predictive analytics and automated negotiation systems, as well as its applications in cybersecurity and military technologies. The article also highlights the ethical and regulatory challenges posed by AI, such as algorithmic bias, weaponization, and disparities in global access to AI technologies. While AI offers innovative solutions for global challenges, such as climate change and public health, its integration into the global system demands robust international frameworks and ethical safeguards. Recommendations include promoting equitable AI access, fostering international cooperation, and leveraging AI for peacebuilding and sustainable development. This article contributes to the growing discourse on the intersection of AI and IR, emphasizing the need for responsible and inclusive global governance.

DIGITAL DIVIDE: ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF UNEQUAL ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIAL MOBILITY

TIPUSULTAN ALARSAHEB INAMDAR — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The digital divide differentiated by inequalities in access, skills, and social usage of technology has become a significant obstacle towards social mobility, further compounding the current disparities in economic, social, and education realms. The aim of this research is to explain how the lacking digital resources are more burdensome for the impoverished population, denying them opportunities to elevate their economic status. The exploration addresses the components of the digital divide, namely: access to devices, technology skills, and the actual use of the equipment, showing at the same time how far-reaching impact these relationships have on education, employment, and economic development. Students from underdeveloped regions are not able to gain entry in online platforms that give digital learning materials, resulting in a greater gap in the level of education. Likewise, low literacy levels in regard to use of modern technology as well as discrimination against those who do not have such technology discourages people from engaging in the new economy thereby creating disparities in employment and income. Overall, the digital divide worsens the existing inequalities of developed and developing countries. While developed countries enjoy the advantages of well-advanced digital systems, most developing countries are still even battling to login with the internet denying them an opportunity to be active players in the global innovational digital economy. To illustrate these divisions and their significance for inequality at global level, case studies and empirical data are used. The paper ends with a call for change stating local governments, the business community and international institutions should collaborate towards eliminating the digital divide. This paper highlights the importance of addressing digital inequities in order to achieve a more inclusive digital future.

INTEGRATING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTO MARITIME VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: ENHANCING GLOBAL COMPETENCE IN THE INDUSTRY

MARUDUT BERNADTUA SIMANJUNTAK — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As the global maritime industry faces increasing complexities due to geopolitical shifts, economic dynamics, sustainability challenges, and digital transformations, maritime vocational education must adapt to prepare professionals for these evolving demands. This analysis was carried out to explore how international relations (IR) perspectives, which encompass political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors, are integrated into maritime education programs. Previous research has highlighted the need for such integration but has also identified gaps in the practical application and systematic incorporation of global perspectives into curricula. The objective of this study was to assess the current state of IR integration in maritime education, focusing on how it influences curriculum design, professional competencies, and global collaboration. The research sought to answer how maritime education can better prepare students for the globalized maritime industry through a multidimensional approach to international relations. Using qualitative methods, including interviews with maritime professionals, educators, and graduates, this study examined the experiences and perspectives of stakeholders in maritime education. The results revealed that while there is some recognition of the importance of global perspectives, their integration remains fragmented, with significant gaps in digitalization, sustainability, and international collaboration. The findings underscore the need for stronger global partnerships, practical training opportunities, and curriculum reform to better align educational outcomes with industry needs. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how maritime education can evolve to meet the challenges of a rapidly globalizing and technologically advancing maritime sector.

TAIWAN AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN US-CHINA COMPETITION

ANTONINA ŁUSZCZYKIEWICZ-MENDIS, PATRICK MENDIS — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Taiwan (the Republic of China, ROC) has become a focal point of international security in the ongoing US–China competition. China (the People’s Republic of China, PRC) has increasingly sought to isolate the Taipei administration from the global community by restricting its access to international organizations and reducing the number of its diplomatic allies. This article explores the effectiveness of the United States in counterbalancing China’s coercive actions against Taiwan in international organizations. It further examines the historical evolution and future prospects of Taiwan’s international presence—particularly the role of diplomatic language and interpretive maneuvering surrounding UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, as well as Beijing’s promotion of its “One China Principle” in contrast to the more ambiguous “One China Policy” adopted by many countries. Drawing on a close examination of historical and contemporary government documents from China, Taiwan, the United States, and the United Nations, this study investigates the international political and economic narratives advanced by these governments and UN bodies. Ultimately, it assesses the strategies of the United States and the ROC in seeking “meaningful participation” for Taiwan within the UN system and beyond.

O IMPACTO DA INICIATIVA FAIXA E ROTA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DO SUDESTE ASIÁTICO COM DESTAQUE AO CAMBOJA – A CONTINUAÇÃO DE UM “DESENVOLVIMENTO DEPENDENTE”?

PAULO VICTOR BASÍLIO JERONYMO — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since its emergence, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has raised many alarms. That is, there are concerns that the initiative will be used to strictly pursue Chinese national objectives. At the same time, and because of this, it would have negative economic consequences for participating states, often being recognised as an economic trap. In this context, this article seeks to answer how the development of Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia, could be impacted by the BRI. Would there be a perpetuation of a model of ‘dependent development’? To do so, it is necessary to understand the main dynamics in the historical development process of Southeast Asian states. And how China's geo-economic strategy towards Southeast Asia in the context of the BRI is implemented. Thus, using a descriptive-analytical model, through bibliographic research and analysis of the case of Cambodia, it can be said that infrastructure construction in the BRI context has positive short-term economic effects for participating countries in Southeast Asia that have characteristics similar to Cambodia. In this sense, investments and infrastructure construction in the IFR sphere have the capacity to promote economic growth in states with low levels of connective infrastructure, dependent on foreign direct investment and with weak governance. Therefore, there does not seem to be a trap as is commonly thought, a debt trap, but rather a possible long-term ‘trap.’ In this trap, Southeast Asian states are increasingly connecting to a regional production chain and increasing their trade relations with China. Thus, they may be continuing a model of ‘dependent development,’ but now dependent on China. This is in line with China's objectives for the region, a regional economic order centred on China.

RETHINKING CHINA’S GRAY-ZONE STRATEGIES: CASES FROM THE EAST CHINA SEA, SOUTH CHINA SEA, AND TAIWAN STRAIT

HSIAO-CHUAN LIAO — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper investigates China’s gray-zone strategies in the South China Sea, East China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, addressing how China’s use of non-military gray-zone strategies differs across these three maritime regions and what implications these variations hold for regional security. This study redefines gray-zone strategy as a country’s attempt to change or influence another country’s sovereignty rights or policies through governmental or non-governmental actions, which is different from military brinkmanship. It identifies five categories of non-military gray-zone tactics: narrative warfare, psychological warfare, legal warfare, mixing of civilian and military activities, and governmental jurisdiction warfare. Based on a comparative case analysis of the three areas, the study finds two key characteristics. First, China adopts military means for severe sovereignty violations while relying on non-military gray-zone strategies for lesser infringements to avoid escalation. Second, the greater the perceived impact on sovereignty, the more China employs riskier gray-zone tactics. In the South China Sea, China employs all five tactics to expand economic sovereign rights and create an order alternative to the U.S.-led liberal international order. In the East China Sea, it leverages narrative and jurisdictional tactics to undermine Japan’s control while avoiding military confrontation. In the Taiwan Strait, psychological warfare dominates as China seeks to internalize the strait and domesticate Taiwan. Overall, the paper suggests collective, asymmetric responses targeting China’s vulnerabilities to enhance deterrence and maintain regional stability.

REBUILDING THE “ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY”: A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY

TRAN BACH HIEU, LE HOANG KIET, TRAN XUAN HIEP — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the US’ National Defense Industrial Strategy (NDIS), announced by the Department of Defense in January 2024 as a strategic response to the evolving dynamics of global security. Amid growing competition among major powers - particularly from China and Russia - the NDIS aims to revitalize the US DIB through four strategic pillars: (a) enhancing supply chain resilience, (b) developing a high-quality and diverse workforce, (c) reforming procurement processes, and (d) strengthening international cooperation for economic deterrence. Employing a systemic-structural approach, the study integrates qualitative methods such as policy analysis, document analysis, interpretive techniques, and strategic forecasting to scientifically examine the objectives, implementation mechanisms, strengths, and limitations of the NDIS. While the strategy presents a robust and forward-looking framework, it also faces significant structural limitations, including (a) concerns about financial sustainability, (b) internal tensions between protectionist policies and global cooperation goals, (c) innovation bottlenecks, and (d) a lack of comparative analysis with the capabilities of “potential” adversaries. By addressing a notable gap in existing academic research, this paper provides in-depth insights into the NDIS. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how the US seeks to maintain technological superiority and strategic primacy in a turbulent international system marked by rising instability and complex security threats.

SECURING THE SELF: ONTOLOGICAL SECURITY AND ENERGY RELATIONS IN EU-CENTRAL ASIA ENGAGEMENT AFTER UKRAINE

MARIA RAQUEL FREIRE, KOMRON FAYZULLOEV — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyses energy relations between the European Union (EU) and Central Asian countries through the lens of ontological security, seeking to understand how identity narratives shape cooperation beyond material interests. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the EU perception of ontological insecurity increased with the collapse of established energy interdependence routines, prompting a deepening of the engagement with Central Asia to reconstruct its biographical narrative. For Central Asian states, this partnership contributes to their post-Soviet identity construction as sovereign actors. The analysis shows how Central Asian states leverage their distinct energy profiles to craft separate security narratives, while engaging the EU as part of their diversification strategies, demonstrating that sustainable cooperation depends on integrating partnerships into coherent identities amid geopolitical disruption and energy transition challenges.

RUSSIA'S TURN TO THE EAST: ANALYSING THE DRIVERS OF MOSCOW'S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION SINCE 1991

MÓNICA ROMÁN GONZÁLEZ — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Since the end of the Cold War and the consequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia has made the recovery of a relevant status in the international system one of the main objectives of its foreign policy. To achieve this aim, it is of great interest for Moscow to play an important role in the world’s fastest growing region in recent decades: the Asia-Pacific region. Although the Kremlin’s involvement has been more visible in other areas such as the post-Soviet space or Europe, a gradual process of reorientation of Russian foreign policy towards its Eastern neighbourhood has begun since the beginning of the 21st century. Hence, this article presents the results of a mixed method research design related to the main internal and systemic factors that have turned Asia-Pacific region into a priority area for the Russian Federation since its independence in 1991.

THE BREAK IN RUSSIAN–AMERICAN RELATIONS: ANALYZING THE DIPLOMATIC TRAIL TO THE IRAQ WAR

EBRAHIM DARYAEE MOTLAGH — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study is an attempt to analyze the diplomatic course to the Iraq War and the divergence in Russian-American relations with a focus on diplomatic activities in January, February and March 2003. To this end, the article discussed Russia’s opposition to the use of military force with reference to its evolving foreign policy doctrine and, more specifically, its long-standing and complex relations with the Baath regime in Iraq. Following this discussion, the article argued that this opposition originated from realistic concerns, domestic pressure and doctrinal differences. In this way, it was argued that Kremlin’s diplomatic gestures tilted towards multilateralism, non-intervention and the UN Security Council as mechanisms that could secure its interests. However, the review of statements from the Russian president and diplomats suggested that they were careful not to harm Russian-American relations. Therefore, Russia benefited from the anti-war consensus at the UN because it increased the cost of unilateral military action and prevented a direct diplomatic confrontation with Washington. Following these arguments, it was also concluded that the outcome of this diplomatic prelude was an early sign of multipolarity in the 21st century.

EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL REGIME IN UKRAINE: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE PRESENT

OLEKSANDR SYCH, DMYTRO DZVINCHUK, IHOR DEBENKO, BOHDAN HRYVNAK, DARYNA SEKH — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The establishment and evolution of Ukraine's political regime is a complex and dynamic process shaped by socio-economic and political transformations. This study aims to analyze the specific features of Ukraine's political regime in its contemporary context. Using methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and formal and legal techniques, the study examines the structure and functioning of Ukraine's political system, which involves various institutions such as government bodies, political parties, public organizations, and the media. The findings reveal that political decisions in Ukraine are largely influenced by democratic principles, which guide the mechanisms of state power and allow citizens to influence political processes. The paper also explores the role of symbolisation and mythologisation in shaping the political regime, highlighting their negative impact on Ukraine's political development and institutional effectiveness. These processes contribute to the distortion of political narratives and hinder democratic consolidation. The study's findings are valuable for formulating political strategies aimed at strengthening democratic practices and rebuilding Ukraine's political system.

EU-NIQUE PERSPECTIVES? ANALYSING CONTRASTING POSITIONS ON THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT WITHIN THE EU

MATILDE RAMOS, FILIPA SÁ, NOA SILVA, MARIANA RESENDE, ISABELLA CASTRO — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines the various positions adopted by the European Union (EU) Member States in response to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian conflict, since its reignition on February 24th, 2022. The study is based on a content discourse analysis of speeches and official statements released by individual EU Member States, namely Poland, owing to its historical relations with the Eastern Bloc and its noteworthiness in accommodating refugees; followed by Germany and its pivotal role in providing military equipment to Ukraine; and lastly, Hungary, due to the contentious public statements issued by its Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán. The analysis is complemented by an examination of the broader foreign policy orientations of these countries that shape their responses. The primary aim is to assess whether the Union maintains a cohesive consensus on the conflict or if diverging positions weaken its support for Ukraine. Ultimately, through a juxtaposition of opinions issued by Poland, Germany, and Hungary against the overall EU stance, we conclude that the European Union’s support for Ukraine is not as robust and cohesive as expected.

THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVES IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: A PERSPECTIVE FROM THE WESTERN BALKANS

RUI SAMARCOS LORA — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper investigates the pivotal role of cooperatives in facilitating regional integration, with a focus on the Western Balkans region. Utilizing insights drawn from the European integration process and the unique dynamics of the Western Balkans, this study delves into the multifaceted ways in which cooperatives contribute to various facets of regional integration, encompassing rural development, agriculture, employment, social inclusion, and energy. Through an analysis of projects and initiatives involving cooperatives in the region, it becomes apparent that these entities serve as inconspicuous yet crucial local actors, driving socio-economic advancement and fostering cross-border collaboration. Despite encountering challenges such as legal frameworks and historical contexts, cooperatives significantly influence the promotion of bottom-up approaches to integration, thereby amplifying the participation of local stakeholders in the process. By leveraging fundamental principles inherent to cooperativism, including solidarity and democratic governance, these organizations facilitate dialogue, trust-building, and sustainable development, thereby furthering the overarching objectives of regional integration. This paper underscores the imperative for greater acknowledgment of cooperatives as possible stakeholders in regional integration processes and advocates for policies aimed at bolstering their engagement and empowerment.

MULHERES EM ORGANIZAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS: O CASO DE MARIA DE LOURDES PINTASILGO NA UNESCO (1975 -1979)

RAQUEL VALENTE DOS SANTOS — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, the only woman, to this day, to serve as Prime Minister in Portugal, played a prominent role in major international forums. This article analyzes her intervention as Portugal's Ambassador to UNESCO between the years 1974 and 1979. Based on reference bibliographies, archival documents, and periodicals from that time, it seeks to investigate the decision-making process that led to Portugal's request to rejoin UNESCO; the reasons behind the choice of Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo for the position of ambassador; and to identify her main areas of activity aimed at ensuring Portugal's reintegration into the organization, following the voluntary withdrawal in 1971, by decision of the Portuguese Government.

BRICS VS. G7: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL EFFICIENCY IN SHAPING GLOBAL ORDER

PATKAR KALPESH DILIP — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The global distribution of power is increasingly shaped by the competing influences of two major blocs: BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and the G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). This paper investigates how BRICS and the G7 shape the emerging multipolar global order. Using comparative analysis of key indicators: GDP, trade flows, investment patterns, diplomatic engagement, and strategic alliances. The paper examines each bloc’s structure and internal cohesion. The analysis underscores the G7's historical supremacy, which stems from its economic strength and political unity, in contrast to BRICS’ rising role as a representative for the Global South and a platform for alternative governance models. Important metrics include trade flows, investment trends, diplomatic efforts, and strategic alliances. The research also assesses the internal dynamics within each bloc, including challenges to cohesion and the effectiveness of decision-making. By comparing the advantages and drawbacks of BRICS and G7, this paper provides insights into their respective functions in a multipolar world order, evaluating their ability to promote transformative global agendas. Lastly, the paper concludes that both alliances embody divergent approaches to global governance, reflecting deeper shifts in international collaboration, competition, and the balance of power.

IMPLICATIONS OF CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM ON DEBT CRISIS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH

ZEKERI MOMOH — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is a growing concern in the global south on the unfavourable nature of the contemporary international monetary system and international debt crisis on development in the global south. This concern have been situated within the liberals and historical structuralist perspectives to the study of international political economy. While both perspective have tenaciously hold on to their postulations on the nature of present international monetary system and the causes of the debt crisis in the global south.This study examine the implications of contemporary international monetary system on debt crisis in the global south. This study is situated with the context of historical research design with data collected from various secondary sources such as journals, books and internet sources. The analysis of the study was carried out using qualitative content analysis. Moreover, one of the implications of the World Bank and IMF structural adjustment and conditionalities on the global south is that its impedes the global south efforts at developing their infrastructure, health service delivery and educational development among others. Lastly, this study recommend among other things, good leadership, good governance and sound domestic economic system are key in addressing the consequences of contemporary international monetary system and international debt crisis on development in the global south.

A PROJEÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE ANGOLA: CONDICIONANTES INTERNOS DA POLÍTICA EXTERNA E DA POLÍTICA DE DEFESA

NATHALY XAVIER SCHUTZ — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Angola is a highly influential country in Southern and Central Africa. Following the 2002 peace agreement between government forces, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the opposition, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), it has emerged as an important African leader. Understanding its foreign and defence policies requires, first and foremost, an understanding of the influence that domestic factors, particularly the MPLA's continued hold on power, have on the formulation of these policies and the objectives set. The aim of this article is to analyse this relationship, using the end of the civil war in 2002 and Dos Santos' departure from power in 2017 as decisive moments of internal political change. It is hoped to demonstrate how Angola's international integration is largely guided by internal interests, particularly the MPLA's desire to remain in power.

O PROCESSO DE INCUBAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS PARA O FOMENTO DO EMPREENDEDORISMO EM ANGOLA: NA VISÃO DOS INCUBADOS

MANUEL CONCEIÇÃO DA SILVA MENDES — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The theme of this research is justified by the relevance of entrepreneurship and the business incubation process for the development and sustainability of new ventures. The overall objective is to analyze the contribution of the business incubation process to fostering entrepreneurship in Angola through the empowerment of entrepreneurs by means of training, knowledge, and skills. The following question was formulated: How can the business incubation process contribute to promoting entrepreneurship in Angola? The research adopted a quantitative, descriptive-explanatory, and hypothetico-deductive approach, applying a structured questionnaire to 64 entrepreneurs incubated in public incubators across 11 provinces. Data were collected online with informed consent and anonymity ensured, and analyzed using Excel, SPSS, and Python 3.8.6, allowing for descriptive statistics and cross-variable analysis. The results showed that the incubation process is a relevant factor in strengthening entrepreneurship, particularly among young graduates, although limited by restricted access to financing and insufficient transfer of strategic management knowledge. The literature review was updated with recent contributions (last five years), reinforcing the academic and practical relevance of this investigation and situating it within the current debate on incubation in emerging economies.

THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE IN ACHIEVING THE SDGS

PEDRO CABRITA — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study analyses the role of local entrepreneurship in social development in São Tomé and Príncipe, focusing on how entrepreneurs can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research was based on field research, conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to 100 entrepreneurs, selected representatively based on the latest national census. The instrument included closed questions on the main social indicators of the SDGs, allowing comparisons between the entrepreneurial population and the general population. The questions were adapted to the local context, considering educational and linguistic limitations, and validated with São Tomé nationals. The results show that entrepreneurs drive progress in the SDGs, exceeding the population average in 15 of the 24 indicators analysed. The study highlights how entrepreneurial ecosystems can be better leveraged to promote sustainable development and social inclusion.

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND GUINEA-BISSAU BETWEEN DIPLOMACY, ECONOMY AND SECURITY

ORAZIO MARIA GNERRE — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Guinea-Bissau is experiencing a difficult time for growth and development in this period. Political tensions and the impact of natural disasters make it difficult to build solid international relations that could allow the country to produce better infrastructures and to enter the scene in the region as well as in the world. The complex relations of the People's Republic of China with the country also fit into this framework. This element must be taken into serious consideration, in light of the important presence of the Asian country on the African continent, and of the volume of business and the support for infrastructure construction that it guarantees to many African nations. Diplomatic relations between the African country and its political parties with China have been fluctuating, and marked by internal issues as well as international events. To date, the People's Republic of China has outlined a major investment plan in Guinea-Bissau. The purpose of the article is to trace a brief history of relations between the African and Asian countries, and to understand the national and regional conditions of the new cooperation and trade projects, with respect to both the continental dimension and that of Guinea-Bissau's internal politics.

BETWEEN VISAS AND TOURISM: SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION, ANALYSIS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH

EDGAR ROMARIO ARANIBAR RAMOS, THIAGO ALLIS — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the relationship between visa policies and tourism, highlighting their relevance for global mobility and economic development. It aims to identify patterns and trends in scientific research on the topic, analysing how visa policies affect tourism flows and, consequently local economies. The methodology includes a bibliometric analysis of scientific production between 2000 and 2023, using Scopus, WoS and SciELO. The results highlight that visa policies have a significant impact on tourism, with implications for perceptions of safety, equity of access and sustainability. The implementation of technologies such as e-visa improves efficiency and user experience, although challenges remain in their widespread adoption. This analysis provides key information for designing more inclusive and effective public policies aimed at enhancing the benefits of global tourism while minimising its inequalities and adverse effects.

ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ENSURING JUSTICE

APARNA SRIVASTAVA, SHIVANI TOMAR — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Right to Speedy trial has been recognized by the Supreme Court of India as an intrinsic human right. However, there is failure in adequately protecting this right of the victims because there is insufficient and inadmissible evidence that can stand the scrutiny of the court. The prosecution bears the burden of proof in criminal trials under the Anglo-Saxon type of jurisprudence that is adopted in India, with oral testimony serving as the primary source of proof. Experience has demonstrated that most of the time, oral testimony is not accepted because of some very pertinent issues. Witnesses examined long after the event are unable to remember the significant and minute details of the crime in question, or they provide false testimony in response to coercion, intimidation and incitement. Some even turn hostile in the Court leading to complete turnaround of the case having devastating results for the victim. Besides, due to lack of sufficient evidence and pressure to resolve the case within specified deadlines, the use of third-degree techniques and other criminal tactics, such as torture, is a trend among investigating officers. These practices can be completely avoided when evidence collected by using forensic methods which has a greater admissibility in the court of law and can fix the onus of crime on the accused resulting in delivering timely justice to the victim. The article focusses on the role of forensic Science for protecting human rights and covers cases both from primary and secondary sources to prove this hypothesis to be factual and real.

SAFE BUT SEEN? EVALUATING THE PROMISE AND PERILS OF WITNESS PROTECTION IN INDIA AND THE USA

ANEELA FATIMA, MANYA PUNDHIR — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the due course of justice, witnesses tend to face hardships such as mental agony caused by prolonged judicial proceedings, inadequate allowances with delayed payments and most importantly the lack of security given via provisions to witnesses while they face the costs of life-threatening risks for assisting the judiciary in attaining justice. United States has been the most successful while carrying out witness protection, this paper will discuss the need for India to tweak its witness protection schemes by using the US model as a base. The role of witnesses is to provide evidence from the learnings that they possess in relation to an offence, this information is used from the early stage of investigation to ascertaining a judgment. The formerly known Indian Evidence Act 1872 now referred to as the Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, although provides certain rights to witnesses, has not laid down the privileges and protection that need to be given to witnesses explicitly.

MORTÁGUA, JOANA; CASTELLO BRANCO, MARIA E PERALTA, SUSANA (2024). REFLEXÕES SOBRE A LIBERDADE – IDENTIDADES E FAMÍLIAS. 1.ª EDIÇÃO, AGOSTO DE 2024. ALFRAGIDE: OFICINA DO LIVRO. ISBN: 978-989-581-244-8

CAROLINA QUERIDO — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Para falar sobre a obra Reflexões sobre a Liberdade – Identidades e famílias (2024) é necessário mencionar a obra Identidade e Família: Entre a consistência da tradição e as exigências da modernidade (2024). Após a sua célebre apresentação na Livraria Buchholz pelo antigo primeiro-ministro Pedro Passos Coelho, o Identidade e Família (2024) ganhou relevância nacional. De facto, o teor dos textos que compõem esta obra, associados às questões do combate de uma “ideologia de género”, a “cultura de morte” e a defesa da “família tradicional”, reacenderam o debate mediático sobre questões de género, identidade e diversidade. Simultaneamente, com a tentativa de retrocesso em direitos sociais na agenda de novas formações populistas de direita radical, este debate torna-se cada vez mais relevante não só para a Ciência Política como para a sociedade civil. Quanto à obra em análise, Reflexões sobre a Liberdade (2024), as três coordenadoras – Joana Mortágua, Maria Castello Branco e Susana Peralta – sublinham, logo na sua introdução, que não deverá ser vista como uma “resposta” ou um “ataque” ao Identidade e Família (2024). Joana Mortágua, deputada eleita pelo Bloco de Esquerda, Maria Castello Branco, integrante do podcast “Lei da Paridade” e candidata pelas eleições legislativas e europeias em 2019 pela Iniciativa Liberal, Susana Peralta, Professora na NOVA SBE e colunista pelo Público, apresentam-se como três mulheres com idades, percursos e opiniões diferentes, unidas na defesa da diversidade, liberdade e democracia. De facto, o objetivo maior desta obra é, como notado pelas coordenadoras: “Antes nos inscrevemos numa saudável dialética de acolhimento da diversidade de projetos de vida numa democracia liberal e da centralidade de tal desígnio na construção de uma melhor democracia.” (p. 11)

“ORGULHOSAMENTE ACOMPANHADOS”: OLHAR PARA A AMÉRICA LATINA COMO MÁRIO SOARES

ANDREA IMAGINÁRIO BINGRE, DÉBORA DUARTE — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

O Teatro Thalia, em Lisboa, recebeu, no dia 8 de abril de 2025, o Colóquio Mário Soares e a América Latina: Passado, Presente, Futuro, inserido nas comemorações do centenário deste político português. Por ter sido Presidente da República e Primeiro-Ministro de Portugal, é natural o interesse em destacar o seu pensamento no país cuja democracia ajudou a construir. Mas porquê voltar os olhos sobre a relação de Mário Soares com a região latino-americana?

AMÉRICA LATINA: ¿CÓMO SOBREVIVE UNA REGIÓN EN ESTADO DE MULTICRISIS?

GERMAN RUEDA OREJARENA — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

América Latina ha sido históricamente un territorio atravesado por crisis de toda dimensión. Esta reflexión crítica con perspectiva sociológica y decolonial analiza el concepto de crisis tomando como referencia al sociólogo colombiano Orlando Fals Borda. Fals Borda planteó que las crisis en América Latina revelan contradicciones estructurales que conducen a la desorganización social e institucional: “La sociedad sufre así un proceso irreversible de desorganización interna que crea cuerpos y anticuerpos, expresado en valores, normas, grupos, instituciones y técnicas en conflicto. Según algunas interpretaciones teóricas, este conflicto debe ir refractando y agotando el orden social existente para formar eventualmente un nuevo tipo de colectividad” (Fals Borda, 1969, p. 767). Las crisis económicas, ambientales y sociales dan cuenta de ello. Otras, como las crisis políticas, merecen un análisis más detallado y localizado.

ISSUES OF APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CIVIL LITIGATION

PIRMATOV OTABEK SHAVKATOVICH — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nowadays, with the help of modern information technologies, some procedural actions in civil court cases can be carried out without a judge or his assistant.

THE ROLE ‘HAWALA’ IN FINANCING TERRORISM AND MONEY LAUNDERING: THE NEXUS BETWEEN INFORMAL MIGRANT REMITTANCES IN EUROPE AND FUNDING OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS

NOZIMA KHOLMATOVA — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As evident from the statements made by former President George W. Bush and former Secretary of State Colin Powell, money is regarded as vital for the planning and execution of terrorist activities, underscoring the notion that terrorism cannot persist without financial support. Comparable sentiments have been echoed by European leaders. In alignment with his American counterparts, British Chancellor of the Exchequer (later Prime Minister) Gordon Brown affirmed that ‘the readily available financial resources are the driving force behind contemporary terrorism’ (UK Treasury, 2001).