OBSERVARE
Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024)
266
MULTISTAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AT
THE LOCAL LEVEL: A STUDY OF NGALAM PETENGAN AS AN INITIATIVE
FROM GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
NAJAMUDDIN KHAIRUR RIJAL
najamuddin@umm.ac.id
Lecturer at the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java (Indonesia). The research interests are
global civil society, democracy and civil society, as well as contemporary globalization
issues. Conducted and published various research on civil society and global civil society
in various scientific journals and actively wrote opinion articles in local and national mass
media.
LUCKE KARIMAH PAMUNGKAS SAPUTRO
mailto:luckekarimah19@gmail.com
Bachelor's degree at the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, East Java (Indonesia). The research interests are
studies on contemporary global issues, civil society, and women's issues. Awardee of Erasmus+
International Credit Mobility at Università degli Studi di Cagliari (2020) and awardee of the
Indonesian International Student Mobility Awards (IISMA) at Sapienza Università di Roma.
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the efficacy of global civil society actors’ efforts at the local
level in fostering multistakeholder collaboration, with a specific focus on Earth Hour Malang
through Ngalam Petengan agenda. Additionally, the study examines the diverse participation
of stakeholders in Ngalam Petengan aimed at addressing environmental challenges. The
results show that government entities, businesses, academia, media, and local communities
actively engage and cooperate in advancing environmental protection initiatives through
Ngalam Petengan. This cooperative engagement correlates with the Pentahelix model,
recognized as a developmental collaborative framework. This study contributes significantly
to understanding GCS dynamics at the local level and underscores the essential role of the
Pentahelix model in addressing global issues. However, specific geographical locations and
local actors are the limits of the study. Future research should focus on the broader scale to
explore how multistakeholder collaboration responds to global issues, particularly
environmental challenges.
Keywords
Campaigns, green lifestyle, Pentahelix Model, SDGs.
Resumo
Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia dos esforços dos atores da sociedade civil
global a nível local na promoção da colaboração entre as várias partes interessadas, com um
enfoque específico na Hora do Planeta Malang através da agenda Ngalam Petengan. O estudo
examina a participação diversificada das partes interessadas em Ngalam Petengan com o
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
267
objetivo de enfrentar os desafios ambientais. Os resultados mostram que as entidades
governamentais, as empresas, a Academia, os meios de comunicação social e as comunidades
locais se envolvem e cooperam ativamente na promoção de iniciativas de proteção ambiental
através do Ngalam Petengan. Este envolvimento cooperativo está correlacionado com o
modelo Pentahelix, reconhecido como uma estrutura de colaboração para o desenvolvimento.
Este estudo contribui significativamente para a compreensão da dinâmica da GCS a nível local
e sublinha o papel essencial do modelo Pentahelix na abordagem de questões globais. No
entanto, as localizações geográficas específicas e os atores locais são os limites do estudo. A
investigação futura deve centrar-se numa escala mais alargada para explorar a forma como
a colaboração entre as várias partes interessadas responde a questões globais, em especial
aos desafios ambientais.
Palavras-chave
Campanhas, estilo de vida ecológico, Modelo Pentahelix, ODS.
How to cite this article
Rijal, Najamuddin Khairur & Saputro, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas (2024). Multistakeholder
Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study Of Ngalam Petengan as an
Initiative from Global Civil Society. Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. VOL 15, Nº.1,
May-October, pp. 266-287. DOI https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.15.1.15
Article received on July 12, 2023, and accepted for publication on January 21, 2024.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
268
MULTISTAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: A STUDY OF NGALAM
PETENGAN AS AN INITIATIVE FROM GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
NAJAMUDDIN KHAIRUR RIJAL
LUCKE KARIMAH PAMUNGKAS SAPUTRO
Introduction
This study examines multistakeholder collaboration in addressing environmental
challenges at the local level initiated by global civil society (GCS) actor. Public awareness
about environmental preservation, shared among government entities, private sectors,
and society, underscores the importance of safeguarding the environment and ensuring
a sustainable future (Lee et al., 2015). This recognition originates from the understanding
that various environmental challenges have universal implications, particularly climate
change and global warming, necessitating a collective response from all stakeholders.
The collective actions are also correlated with efforts to achieve Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), precisely climate action, life below water, and life on land goals.
The focus of the analysis is on Earth Hour Malang (EHM) through an initiative known as
Ngalam Petengan. This is an annual event held regularly, specifically on the last Saturday
night of March each year. During Ngalam Petengan, also called the switch-off,
participants turn off electrical devices for an hour. The initiative originated in 2007 under
Earth Hour auspices and has since been adopted globally by various cities and countries,
with 192 nations participating in the 2023 switch-off action.
Earth Hour is a global movement that actively campaigns for environmental awareness
and the adoption of sustainable lifestyles. This movement was introduced in 2009 and
subsequently gained traction in various regions, including Malang City and Malang
Regency, East Java, Indonesia, with the establishment of EHM in 2012. In 2019, EHM
was recognized as the Most Active Earth Hour Account based on engagement in
Indonesia, underscoring the significance of further examination (Rijal & Anggraheni,
2019).
Ngalam Petengan is one of EHM's annual actions to campaign for the importance of
environmental awareness and concern, alongside other regular and conditional actions
(Rijal, 2020). In Ngalam Petengan series, EHM engages various stakeholders to
collaborate and ensure the success of this initiative. The various actors range from
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
269
government actors, business actors, academics, local communities, and the mass media.
Therefore, the study aims to examine EHM efforts in fostering multistakeholder
collaboration in Ngalam Petengan initiative. The analysis underscores the importance of
multistakeholder participation and cooperation in correlating efforts to protect the
environmental future with the SDGs agenda, as emphasized by the partnership for the
objectives. The investigation contributes academically to the fields of GCS, international-
domestic dynamics, multistakeholder cooperation, and research related to SDGs as a
global agenda.
Literature Review
The study explored previous research, investigating the local-level strategies of GCS and
its role in addressing climate change through community action (Rijal & Anggraheni,
2019). Additionally, other aspects examined comprised the GCS public awareness
campaign model (Rijal & Widiatmojo, 2021), the transformation and expansion from local
to global (Rijal & Sabila, 2022), and the modalities of GCS at the local level (Rijal &
Prasodjo, 2023).
In the context of this investigation, several previous research related to Earth Hour as a
GCS initiative and multistakeholder collaboration within SDGs were referenced. Some
study on Earth Hour across different levels, from international to local (Fernandez et al.,
2017; Kee, 2013; Marciano, 2011; Olexsak & Meier, 2013). Additionally, publications on
multistakeholder cooperation and participation in various development agendas were
carried out by some scholars (Carayannis et al., 2012; Widowati et al., 2019; Zakaria et
al., 2019). The relevance of these publications contributed to the study by enhancing
the understanding of the role of EHM as GCS and the implementation of the Pentahelix
model across diverse development programs.
Conceptual Framework
This study used the concept of GCS and the Pentahelix model as a conceptual framework.
GCS concept was incorporated to contextualize EHM, which functioned as GCS actor at
the local level. Conversely, the Pentahelix model was adopted to examine how
multistakeholder collaboration in Ngalam Petengan represented an effort to promote
environmental awareness.
The concept of GCS was initially explored, comprising stakeholders advocating for the
public interest, distinct from both the state (politicians) and the business (economic
actors). These stakeholders consisted of community groups that did not intervene in
political or economic interests (Powell, 2022). The actors also maintain transnational
connections without being constrained by national boundaries (Pallas, 2013). GCS also
comprises a social space, organization, movement, or group interconnected across
national borders, engaging in activities and networks that transcend local to global
dimensions or vice versa.
The characteristics of GCS included voluntariness, non-governmental status, and non-
commercial orientation (Helmut et al., 2016). The diversity of GCS comprises a wide
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
270
array of entities, such as non-governmental organizations, transnational advocacy
networks, support groups, humanitarian foundations, and global social movements,
among others. The entities' activities and network relations extended internationally and
globally, distinguishing the organizations from civil society stakeholders primarily
associated with domestic affairs. In this context, EHM evolved into a GCS actor, operating
as a branch of Earth Hour Indonesia in the broader Earth Hour Global network. EHM was
dedicated to advocating for universal public interests related to environmental
sustainability, positioning the entity outside the domain of state power and business
interests, thereby correlating with the third sector (Munck, 2010).
The Pentahelix model was subsequently explored and the term “helix” denoted synergy
or cooperation (Hardianto et al., 2019) The term was used to represent the support or
participation of various parties in development. Pentahelix also called Quintuplehelix was
an extension of the helix model alongside Triplehelix and Quadruplehelix. This model
described the organized and continuous collaboration among various stakeholders in the
framework of program, policy, or development agenda success (Hermawan & Astuti,
2021). Five important stakeholders contributed actively to Pentahelix model, namely
Academician, Business, Community, Government, and Media. Therefore, this model was
alternatively called ABCGM or Pentahelix multistakeholder collaboration model (Zakaria
et al., 2019).
The quintuplehelix or Pentahelix model served as an innovation framework for addressing
environmental challenges through multi-actor synergy. The application of the model in
environmental challenges was predicated on the recognition that the problems were
dynamic, complex, and transcended national borders. Therefore, the approach to
addressing the problems should be flexible and adaptable. The steps taken should
correlate with developmental dynamics, with multistakeholder synergy being a crucial
element. Environmental challenges were communal concerns, necessitating shared
responsibility, participation, and tangible contributions from all parties (Carayannis et al.,
2012).
In the context of this study, the Pentahelix model was used to assess the participation of
the five elements in environmental stewardship, namely government, business,
universities, mass media, and civil society communities. This participation was
exemplified through Ngalam Petengan, which EHM initiated as a local GCS entity.
Multistakeholder collaboration constituted a critical component in achieving the SDGs
agenda and implementing the principles of the 17th SDGs, namely fostering cooperation
to attain this global objective with inclusivity. The operationalization of the Pentahelix
model referred to in this study is depicted in Figure 1.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
271
Figure 1. Pentahelix model of Ngalam Petengan
Method
This study adopted a descriptive-qualitative approach to describe a situation or
phenomenon without exploring causality relationships or inter-variable connections. The
data consisted of both primary and secondary sources, where primary data was collected
through interviews conducted with EHM activists.
The interviews showed information regarding multistakeholder participation in various
EHM activities, particularly during Ngalam Petengan campaign. Additionally, primary data
was collected and processed from EHM social media publications. Data collection and
processing from social media were facilitated through the NVivo 12 Plus application with
the NCapture feature. This allowed for the description of EHM's social media activities
and the depiction of the stakeholder network associated with EHM.
Secondary data was sourced from various literature such as books, journals, magazines,
online articles, news portals, and other library resources relevant to the study objectives.
Various literature was gathered using the Harzing Publish or Perish application. The data
analysis method used in this study, including four key components, namely data
collection, condensation, display, and conclusions (Miles et al., 2014).
Results
Earth Hour and Ngalam Petengan
EHM used Ngalam Petengan to represent the switch-off initiative, comprising the
cessation of electrical device usage for an hour on the last Saturday night of March. This
action was undertaken as part of the Earth Day commemoration, signifying darkness in
Malang (Ngalam in reverse).
NGALAM
PETENGAN AS
AGENDA OF EHM
Local government
Entrepreneur
Local organization/
communities
Academician
Mass media
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
272
The inception of the switch-off initiative occurred in 2005 when World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) Australia introduced “The Big Flicks,” envisioning a moment when all energy
consumption on Earth would cease simultaneously. WWF founded in Switzerland on April
29, 1961, served as an international non-governmental organization dedicated to global
environmental preservation. By 2006, the Big Flick concept evolved into Earth Hour, with
the inaugural switch-off event taking place on March 31, 2007.
The concept gained global traction, with the switch-off event in 2008 including 371 cities
across 35 countries (Baktiar, 2014) A decade later, the event comprised 188 countries
including millions of individuals. In Indonesia, the initiative was adopted in 2009 and
supported by partners in 128 cities. Despite Earth Hour's continuous advocacy efforts
and campaigns, the switch-off initiative known as Ngalam Petengan remained the
primary agenda annually. This prominence originated from the simultaneous observance
across numerous countries, attracting millions of participants globally. During the 2021
switch-off, Earth Hour Global reported participation from 192 countries, including various
stakeholders such as government officials, global corporations, international
governmental and non-governmental organizations, and the broader community.
Similarly, the switch-off initiative received support from partners across 128 cities in
Indonesia, propelled by 2,000 young volunteers in 33 regions, and engaged 2 million
netizens through digital activation (Rijal & Prasodjo, 2023).
In Indonesia, as stated on the Earth Hour Indonesia website, the switch-off initiative was
primarily targeted towards Java and Bali. This preference originated from the
concentration of 78% of Indonesian electricity consumption in Java-Bali, which housed
68% of electricity consumers, while other parts received a smaller share. Additionally,
approximately 23% of the electricity consumption was focused on DKI Jakarta and
Tangerang, with the distribution split among households, businesses/offices, commercial
buildings, the industrial sector, public facilities, and social sectors, each accounting for
around 30% (Earth Hour Indonesia, 2019).
Based on this data, Earth Hour Indonesia estimated that when 10% of Jakarta residents
participated in the switch-off event, it could alleviate the strain on a 300-megawatt power
plant. This reduction in electricity usage equated to providing electricity for 900 villages,
saving Jakarta approximately 200 million rupiah in electricity costs, and mitigating
emissions by around 267 tons of carbon dioxide. The emissions reduction was equivalent
to the absorption capacity of 267 trees aged 20 years and provided oxygen for a minimum
of 534 individuals (Earth Hour Indonesia, 2019).
Based on this assumption, the switch-off initiative signified that energy-saving practices
contributed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and other harmful gases while
facilitating oxygen production. The definite aim of the initiative was to mitigate global
warming and climate change threats, with energy conservation closely connected to
various environmental challenges.
In the context of Malang, Ngalam Petengan's action addressed various environmental
problems. By conserving electricity and fostering environmentally friendly practices, it
aimed to make a positive contribution to environmental conservation efforts.
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
273
The Existence of Ngalam Petengan Annually
Ngalam Petengan was organized by EHM community starting in 2012. However, the
examination of Ngalam Petengan's documentation via EHM publications showed that
@earthhourmalang on Instagram started in 2015, and @EHMalang on Twitter began in
2017. The EHM blog at http://earthhourmalang.blogspot.com/ was also initiated in 2015,
and the YouTube channel EHM was established in 2016. The primary sources of social
media data for this study predominantly came from Twitter and Instagram EHM accounts,
with other publication platforms serving as supplementary data sources.
The analysis results on Twitter using the NCapture feature on the NVivo12Plus software
showed that tweets from the @EHMalang account experienced a consistent increase
between January and March annually. During January-March of 2017-2021, EHM Twitter
uploads consistently showed increased engagement and intensity, as depicted in Figures
2 and 3.
Figures 2 and 3 showed that consistently, during the January-March period annually, the
@EHMalang account exhibited higher activity on Twitter compared to other periods. This
was attributed to the culmination of the Earth Hour Day agenda known as Ngalam
Petengan. Consequently, starting in January, EHM initiated outreach and campaigns to
disseminate information, attract public support, and stimulate social media engagement.
EHM adopted direct efforts through various actions, such as park campaigns, cafe
promotions, school initiatives, and indirect strategies using social media tools.
Figure 2. Number of tweets @EHMalang quarterly period
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
274
Figure 3. Percentage of total tweets @EHMalang quarterly period
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
The results affirmed the analysis concerning @EHMalang Twitter account activity
regarding the hashtag #ngalampetengan. As depicted in Figure 4, the hashtag
#ngalampetengan was most frequently used during the January-March period annually.
However, the hashtag was continually used in posts after the January-March period when
discussing past or upcoming Ngalam Petengan events.
Figure 4. Use the hashtag #ngalampetengan for each period
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
275
The data in Figure 4 showed that #ngalampetengan was one of the hashtags most
frequently used by EHM on @EHMalang account. Although the most used hashtag was
#iniaksiku, the NCapture results on Nvivo12Plus showed that #ngalampetengan was
more frequently used than others, as seen in Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5. The most frequently used hashtags on @EHMalang account
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
Figure 6. Percentage of the most frequently used hashtags on @EHMalang
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
276
Figures 5 and 6 depicted the graph as well as the percentage of hashtag usage on
@EHMalang Twitter account. It was observed that #ngalampetengan accounted for
18.45% of the total hashtag usage, showing significance as a crucial agenda and priority
for EHM. Additionally, the hashtags #iniaksiku and #connect2earth were frequently
paired with #ngalampetengan. The word cloud in Figure 7 below depicted the
visualization of the most frequently used hashtags and words on @EHMalang account.
Figure 7. Word cloud hashtags and words most frequently used @EHMalang
Source: Processed by the author, 2021
Ngalam Petengan, held annually, lacked a fixed date, as Earth Hour Global determined
the schedule for Earth Hour Day agenda switch-off action. However, it was certain that
the event took place on a Saturday, typically in the last week of March. Earth Hour Day
also adopted a central theme globally, allowing Earth Hour communities worldwide to
create individual themes while remaining relevant to the global concept. Various
stakeholders worldwide also participated in the switch-off, including government entities,
businesses, media outlets, communities, academics, non-governmental organizations,
the public, and many others.
In the context of EHM, the themes varied but were all correlated with the agenda related
to climate change. Furthermore, the prominent locations for hosting the peak of Ngalam
Petengan also varied, with diverse stakeholders included in the switch-off initiatives,
providing support. Information about Ngalam Petengan annually, including the date and
location of implementation, the theme, and the supporting participants, was presented
in Table 1 below.
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Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
277
Table 1. Overview of Ngalam Petengan from 2015 to 2021
Year
Date
Location
Theme
Participant
Switch-Off
Media
Partners
2015
March
28,
2015
Merbabu
Park,
Malang City
Change Climate
Change
1 government office, 4
public facilities such as
parks and monuments, 4
hotels, as well as 1 village
7 radios and
various online
promotional
media
2016
March
19,
2016
Malang City
Hall
Shine a Light on
Climate Action
3 public facilities such as
monuments and parks, 1
mall, 5 hotels, 1 cafe, 1
campus, 1 government
office, and 1 green village
9 radios and
various online
promotional
media
2017
March
25,
2017
Malang City
Hall
Shine a Light on
Climate Action:
From Moment
to Movement
2 government offices, 1
mall, 2 campuses, 4
hotels, 1 cafe, and 2
villages
14 radios and
various online
promotional
media
2018
March
24,
2018
Grand Hall
of Malang
Regency
Welcome to the
Jungle:
Greetings from
the Forest to
Friends in
Civilization
3 hotels, 5 cafes, 3
government offices, 5
public facilities such as
parks, monuments, and
statues, as well as 2
campuses
8 radios, 1
TV, and
various media
promotions
online
2019
March
30,
2019
Grand Hall
of Malang
Regency
Down by The
Ocean “Because
the Ocean
Doesn't Need
Plastic”
6 hotels, 7 cafes, 3
campuses, 3 government
offices, 1 mall, and 3
public facilities
8 radios, 1
TV, and
various online
promotional
media
2020
March
28,
2020
Online
(Zoom
Meetings)
My Earth, My
Home
4 hotels, 2 cafes, and 2
government offices
6 radio and
various online
promotional
media
2021
March
27,
2021
Hybrid
(Offline:
Ibis Style
Hotels),
Online:
Zoom
Connect Our
Biodiversity:
Our Earth is A
Part of Us
11 hotels, 9 cafes, 3
campuses, 2 government
offices, and public facilities
7 radio and
various online
promotional
media
Source: Processed by authors from various sources, 2021
Table 1 presented information on the implementation of Ngalam Petengan from 2015 to
2019, which took place at government-owned locations. In 2015, the event was held in
a city park owned by Malang City Government, while in 2016 and 2017, it occurred at
Malang City Hall, directly opposite Malang City Square. In 2018 and 2019, the event was
held at the Hall of Malang District Regent’s Office. The selection of these venues was
strategic to showcase the presence of EHM and attract the wider community's attention.
This selection also showed EHM's ability to engage and persuade the Malang City
government and Malang Regency government to support and participate in the initiatives.
As anticipated in 2020, Ngalam Petengan was expected to be held as usual, but the
COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a shift to online platforms. EHM announced the
cancellation of Ngalam Petengan a week before the scheduled date on March 28, 2020.
This was announced following a circular from WWF, the leading organization of the Earth
Hour community, regarding the cancellation of public Earth Hour campaign events.
Similarly, in 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Ngalam Petengan was conducted both
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
Vol. 15, Nº. 1 (May 2024 – October 2024), pp. 266-287
Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
278
online and offline (hybrid). Apart from the online component, the in-person aspect of
Ngalam Petengan was limited to Ibis Style Hotel Malang. Holding Ngalam Petengan 2021
at a 3-star hotel in Malang City underscored EHM's ability to engage business entities in
supporting and participating in the activities.
Table 1 further details stakeholders who participated in the switch-off initiative and those
who supported Ngalam Petengan. Based on the table, participants in Earth Hour Day
switched off energy from 20.30 to 21.30, including government agencies responsible for
public facilities, private sector entities such as hotels, malls, cafes, universities, and the
local community (Green Village). Additionally, various media outlets played a role in
supporting Ngalam Petengan through publication and information dissemination,
including radio stations, local television channels, and several promotional platforms on
social media. Numerous organizations, movements, and communities provided support,
contributing to both information dissemination and direct participation in the execution
of Ngalam Petengan.
Efforts to Stimulate
The participation of various stakeholders was closely connected to the efforts made by
EHM volunteers to stimulate engagement in Ngalam Petengan. Based on the findings,
the study identified three primary forms of effort. Firstly, there were active lobbying and
advocacy efforts. Secondly, networking initiatives include leveraging existing networks
to foster collaboration and support. Thirdly, campaign strategies were used to raise
awareness and promote engagement in the cause. These campaign efforts were divided
into two forms, namely direct or indirect engagement through media channels.
Lobbying and Hearing Efforts
Lobbying and hearing efforts were carried out by EHM volunteers targeting government
entities, businesses, universities, and the media. These efforts aimed to stimulate
participation in Ngalam Petengan and support environmental protection initiatives
through pro-environmental policies or activities. The lobbying process typically
commenced with the submission of proposals to the targeted entities, followed by
conducting hearings.
Initially, efforts were directed towards lobbying government stakeholders, including the
Malang Mayor, Malang Regent, environmental agencies, parks services, executive
branches, law enforcement agencies, and the state electricity company. This lobbying
approach was confirmed in an interview with the City Coordinator of EHM 2021, Nariswari
Alifathea Jasmine. Jasmine explained that “Stakeholders were typically engaged by
commencing with the submission of a proposal followed by scheduling hearings. The
hearings were conducted with government representatives and relevant entities such as
the environmental service, Malang City Scouts, and the police. This act provided an
overview of Ngalam Petengan, benefits, and invitations to support and participate in the
initiative. Additionally, EH Indonesia also assisted in promoting local government
participation.”
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The success of lobbying efforts with the government was evident in the authorization
granted by the authorities to host Ngalam Petengan in public facilities. In 2018 and 2019,
Ngalam Petengan was hosted at Malang Regent Office Hall, while in 2016 and 2017, it
took place at Malang City Hall. This success was further indicated by government support,
with various government offices and public facilities participating in the switch-off event
during Ngalam Petengan annually.
An outcome of the engagement with government officials was the creation of a short
video urging public participation in Earth Hour Day. In 2019, EHM managed to persuade
Malang Regent to record a video appealing to both the government and the wider
community to join the Earth Hour Day initiative. In addition to the video appeal, Malang
Regency Government issued a letter to all department heads and sub-district officials,
urging participation in switching off electrical devices on the eve of Earth Hour Day.
The letter was addressed to all levels of Malang Regency government, including
inspectors, departments/services, hospitals, legislatures, and sub-district heads across
the regency. The contents emphasized two key points, namely promoting a campaign to
turn off lights for an hour and appealing to the public to adopt energy-saving habits by
using electricity only as necessary. The appeal underscored a collective commitment to
addressing climate change, preserving biodiversity, and reducing carbon emissions.
In both 2020 and 2021, EHM successfully approached government officials, including the
Regent of Malang, to deliver appeals through short videos. The presence of government
officials or representatives at Ngalam Petengan events annually served as further
evidence of EHM's successful lobbying efforts.
Lobbying and hearing efforts were also directed toward business stakeholders, such as
hotels, malls, and cafes. This was evident in the participation of various establishments
in Ngalam Petengan by turning off electricity. Furthermore, several businesses actively
facilitated the success of the EHM agenda. In 2019, EHM hosted a press conference for
Ngalam Petengan 2019 at the 1O1 Hotel Malang. The manager of Favehotel fostered
participation in Ngalam Petengan through a short video in 2021. Additionally, Ibis Style
Hotel facilitated the hybrid implementation of Ngalam Petengan, combining offline and
online elements.
The participation of the business community originated from the pro-environmental
orientation. According to Nariswari Alifathea Jasmine, the Coordinator of EHM 2021,
efforts were made to engage entrepreneurs and business owners who prioritize
environmental concerns, such as those in the hotel and cafe sectors. Jasmine explained,
“The benefits of participating in the switch-off are first outlined, followed by the proposal
of a feasible partnership.” However, not all business circles targeted by EHM were
receptive to participation.
As Jasmine stated, the benefits offered by EHM served as an incentive for business
owners to engage in Ngalam Petengan, signifying the commitment to environmental
protection and correlating business practices with sustainability principles. This "profit"
primarily comprised promotional opportunities across EHM's various social media
platforms. According to Calista Amalia, Coordinator of EHM 2018, not all businesses
adopted this promotional offer. Eventually, the businesses that supported EHM initiatives
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Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
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shared a common vision concerning environmental stewardship, leading to the eventual
agreement to participate.
Lobbying and hearing efforts were directed towards universities to stimulate participation
in Ngalam Petengan by switching off lights on campus during Earth Hour Day. This
included lobbying campus leaders, primarily through student organizations, and
leveraging existing student volunteers. The Coordinator of EHM 2021 explained,
"Hearings were conducted at universities, and possible collaborations were proposed.
Additionally, student organizations were typically prioritized to convey the message to
higher-ups."
The presence of EHM volunteers at various universities played a crucial role, serving as
advocates to promote campus participation. Student organizations served as conduits for
engaging with higher education leaders, facilitating successful lobbying and hearing
efforts resulting in several universities participating in the switch-off event.
Lobbying and hearing were also extended to the media, particularly radio stations, which
served as crucial partners for Ngalam Petengan annually. EHM approached radio stations
with proposals for talk shows, discussing relevant themes and inviting public
participation. This approach aimed to disseminate information about environmental
challenges and Ngalam Petengan initiative, motivating public engagement. Additionally,
local television stations were also approached and eventually became media partners for
EHM Ngalam Petengan's agenda.
Social media platforms, particularly those favored by students, were adopted as
promotional avenues and media partners to spread information and foster public
engagement. Jasmine further emphasized, "Initially, the switch-off event was outlined,
and the media explored uniqueness, thereby distinctive aspects from EHM community
and the initiative were presented".
Networking and Collaboration Efforts
In each Ngalam Petengan agenda, various organizations and local communities
participated in providing support and assistance for the annual initiative's success. This
participation was carried out through collaborative efforts aimed at ensuring the success
of various agendas leading up to the night of Ngalam Petengan.
The support of the organizations was closely connected with EHM's efforts to leverage
the entity network. This network was established through collaborations with various
local organizations and communities, particularly extracurricular foundations focused on
environmental challenges. For instance, in 2017, EHM collaborated with AIESEC
Brawijaya University, Malang Berkebun (Malang Gardening), Turun Tangan, and
Kemangteer Malang to organize a Sambang Baby Tree event. This initiative included tree
planting and periodic monitoring visits to observe the planted trees’ growth.
Subsequently, EHM conducted joint water source checks at the Precet Junrejo Water
Source in Batu City, in collaboration with Earth Hour Batu City.
EHM organized the Aksi Menghadap Laut (Action Facing the Sea) event in collaboration
with various organizations including Marine Buddies, Climate Change Frontier, Sobat
Bumi Malang, Ekora Community, AIESEC, Hilo Green Community, Mapala Ma Chung
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Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
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University, and other Earth Hour chapters such as Earth Hour Sidoarjo and Earth Hour
Batu City in 2018. Collaborative efforts, referred to as CollaborAction by EHM, were also
conducted in commemoration of Earth Day 2018, including the UMM Asian Medical
Students Association and Gerakan Sejuta Pohon (the Million Tree Planting Movement) by
collaborating with Ngalup.co as well as Parimaya (Malang Raya Tourism).
CollaborAction initiatives also led by EHM included a garbage cleanup campaign initiated
during Waste Awareness Day in 2019, collectively with the Turun Tangan Malang
community and Green Generation Malang. The various networking efforts carried out by
EHM showed the community's strong relationships with other groups. This was
acknowledged by Calista Amalia stating, "The cooperation between EH and other
communities was very strong. … Invitations from other communities were rarely declined,
and reciprocation was common."
The statement suggested a reciprocal relationship between communities, where the
groups invited each other to participate in the activities. Consequently, when other
communities hosted events, EHM activists were also present. This reciprocal relationship
showed mutual support among diverse communities to address the issues advocated.
EHM cooperated with various groups, recognizing that tackling environmental challenges
required collective efforts. Therefore, establishing a network was essential for all
communities to unite and pursue the shared vision. In the context of Ngalam Petengan,
EHM leveraged the collaborative network to obtain support and participation for the
event.
Campaign Efforts
EHM carried out efforts to succeed and engage the public by conducting campaigns.
These campaigns were carried out directly or indirectly through the media. Direct
campaigns were initially executed through routine EHM actions, including the City Park
Campaign, Café Night Campaign, and School Campaigns.
During the City Park Campaign, EHM volunteers socialized and educated the public
visiting the parks. Information about the importance of environmental care and
protection in city parks, such as proper waste disposal and sorting, was provided.
Additionally, promoting a green lifestyle by fostering the use of reusable drink bottles or
supplies was emphasized. Volunteers invited participants to join Ngalam Petengan's
agenda by switching off electrical devices.
The Café Night Campaign included EHM volunteers campaigning at various cafes during
the evening, targeting a larger audience due to higher attendance at night. Volunteers
engaged cafe patrons in discussions about adopting a green lifestyle, emphasizing the
importance of using reusable drink bottles and non-plastic straws while minimizing food
waste. Posters signifying various aspects of a green lifestyle were depicted, and visitors
were motivated to participate in Ngalam Petengan event by switch-off electrical devices
for an hour.
EHM conducted a School Campaign targeting students from elementary to high school
levels to educate them about adopting a green lifestyle. Activities of the campaign
included repurposing used plastic bottles into trash cans, transforming old t-shirts into
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Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
282
bags, and practicing hydroponic gardening. Campaigns about the significance of energy
conservation were also conducted to support the switch-off action.
Apart from the direct methods, campaigns were conducted using media platforms, mainly
social media. Consistently, EHM uploaded various content related to Ngalam Petengan
and environmental challenges on several social media platforms, such as Twitter, Line,
Instagram, and Facebook. The aim was to ensure that all activities and the messages
reached a wider audience, with the hope of raising public awareness and stimulating
participation in the events, including the switch-off action.
The social media campaign consistently used various hashtags, including
#SeninBawaTumbler, promoting the use of reusable drink bottles to reduce plastic waste.
The hashtag #PlastikTakAsik was used to advocate for reduced plastic usage, while the
tag #SaturdayPreiBBM motivated alternative transportation methods such as cycling and
walking. Additionally, #AyoBawaBekal urged individuals to bring lunch boxes to reduce
plastic and food waste, along with other hashtags such as #iniaksiku and
#connect2world.
EHM used radio as a campaigning tool, a result of successful lobbying and hearings, as
discussed earlier. Additionally, EHM made appearances on local television stations for
campaigns, talk shows, and similar initiatives. These efforts eventually aimed to engage
the broader community in supporting and participating in Ngalam Petengan and adopting
a green lifestyle.
The three forms of effort described were visualized in Figure 8, signifying EHM's response
to environmental challenges through Ngalam Petengan. The figure showcased EHM's
efforts to promote environmental awareness and motivate multistakeholder participation,
including lobbying and hearings, networking and collaboration, and campaigns.
Figure 8. EHM efforts to motivate multistakeholder participation
Source: Processed by the author, 2022
Motivate
Multistake-
holder
participation
Lobbying and
Hearing
Netwoking and
Collaboration
Campaigns
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Table 2 provides a straightforward summary of the three types of efforts undertaken by
EHM to foster multistakeholder participation, along with the respective objectives. The
table also outlined the engagement of each stakeholder according to the Pentahelix
model, which included government actors, business actors, academicians, media, and
local organizations/communities.
Table 2. Efforts to promote multistakeholder collaboration
Main Target/Stakeholders
Forms of Participation
Government actor
Participation and facilitating of
Ngalam Petengan, support for pro-
environmental policies, and calls for
action
Business actors
Participation and facilitating of
Ngalam Petengan, support for pro-
environmental business activities,
and calls for action
Universities/Academicians
Participation in Ngalam Petengan,
green lifestyle support, and calls for
action
Media (local radio and television)
Facilitate publication and
information dissemination of
Ngalam Petengan
Local Organizations/Communities
Participation in Ngalam Petengan,
green lifestyle support, and calls for
action
Individual
Participation in Ngalam Petengan
and green lifestyle support
Source: Processed by the authors, 2022
Discussion
Based on the results, this study shows three key findings. Firstly, EHM through Ngalam
Petengan efforts to foster multistakeholder participation, comprising five essential
stakeholders who contribute, participate, and provide support based on respective roles
and capacities. These stakeholders include local government bodies such as Malang City
and Malang Regency administrations, representatives from the business entities
comprising cafes, shopping centers, and hotel proprietors, both public and private
universities, local media elements comprising radio, television, and online platforms, as
well as local organizations and the public.
Collaboration among multiple stakeholders in the form of Pentahelix is essential for
collectively addressing various challenges. Previous studies underscored the significance
of Pentahelix synergy, particularly in the context of issues such as COVID-19. According
to the results, stakeholder synergy in the Pentahelix model should be adapted to local
contexts, wisdom, and resources (Upe et al., 2021).
EHM adapts to the local context by selecting themes that resonate with the conditions in
Malang to promote multistakeholder participation through Ngalam Petengan.
Additionally, the activities in Ngalam Petengan initiative are adapted to fit the socio-
cultural context of the community. Leveraging local wisdom, the name Ngalam Petengan
reflects the indigenous wisdom of Malang societies, characterized by the use of “walikan”
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Multistakeholder Collaboration in Environmental Challenges at the Local Level: A Study of
Ngalam Petengan as an Initiative from Global Civil Society
Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, Lucke Karimah Pamungkas Saputro
284
language (reversing the words, such as Malang becoming Ngalam), aimed at gaining
public empathy and attention.
The participation of hotel and cafe entrepreneurs is inseparable from Malang's position
as a tourist destination with hundreds of hotels and thousands of cafes (Badan Pusat
Statistik Kota Malang, 2021). EHM leverages this partnership to engage visitors in
adopting a greener lifestyle. Similarly, the engagement of higher education institutions
is fostered by Malang's reputation as an educational hub, with various universities
reaching 80 public and private institutions. This collaboration capitalizes on the
educational resources and expertise available in the region, furthering the objectives of
Ngalam Petengan and environmental advocacy efforts.
Secondly, efforts to motivate multistakeholder participation by EHM through Ngalam
Petengan correlate with SDGs, particularly regarding partnerships for achieving the
objectives. This SDGs rule underscores the importance of collaboration to strengthen the
implementation of sustainable development by including all stakeholders without
exceptions. EHM through Ngalam Petengan strives to realize this collaborative method
as part of a collective effort to protect the environment's future. Indirectly, this effort
also contributes to the realization of SDGs, specifically those related to climate action,
which comprise taking immediate action to combat the impacts.
The results correlate with Florini and Pauli’s argument that collaborative governance is
essential for implementing SDGs through cross-sectoral partnerships (Florini & Pauli,
2018). Additionally, Desai asserts that innovation is crucial in achieving SDGs,
particularly through multistakeholder governance, where diverse actors with knowledge,
information, and commitment collaborate to find global development solutions. This
necessitates a platform where various stakeholders integrate to set agendas, design
policy solutions, and conduct evaluations (Desai et al., 2018).
Thirdly, the points underscore the critical role of GCS as an essential stakeholder in
contemporary international relations (Mishra, 2012). GCS represents the needs,
interests, and immediate challenges of communities worldwide. Through Ngalam
Petengan, EHM as a form of GCS at the local level shows a tangible contribution to
addressing global environmental challenges through action. This underscores the fact
that local government cannot address the challenges alone, necessitating the
participation of civil society, local leaders, academia, and the private sector (Asian
Development Bank, 2020).
Through Ngalam Petengan, EHM unites diverse stakeholders to protect the environment's
future while simultaneously advancing SDGs collectively. This underscores the crucial
role of GCS actors who adopt cosmopolitanism, emphasizing shared awareness and moral
responsibility towards the universal interests of the global community.
Despite being a local initiative, Ngalam Petengan's significance extends beyond
Indonesia, as similar actions are carried out worldwide. In this manner, Ngalam Petengan
switch-off event becomes part of global collective effort led by GCS. As Chandhoke
argues, local struggles can be integrated into a global campaign to shape a new global
order (Chandhoke, 2005). Therefore, Ngalam Petengan and similar initiatives worldwide
are expected to contribute positively to environmental preservation, particularly in
combating the threat of climate change and its consequences.
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Conclusion
This study showed the crucial role played by GCS stakeholders at the local level,
exemplified by EHM, in fostering multistakeholder participation. This partnership was
essential because GCS could not function as a solitary entity. Given that various global
challenges constituted shared responsibilities, multistakeholder collaboration was crucial
to address issues impacting universal well-being collectively. The initiation of Ngalam
Petengan served as a instrument for fostering collaboration among stakeholders through
respective engagements, contributing to global agenda of realizing SDGs.
The results of this study contributed to showing the participation and significance of local
stakeholders in addressing global challenges. The findings enriched the understanding of
GCS, which had been studied from global-to-local perspective, rather than the local-to-
global perspective. The investigation further underscored the importance of the
Pentahelix model, emphasizing the necessity of engaging multiple stakeholders as a
method to address various global challenges.
The study had limitations, particularly in terms of geographical scope and focus on local
stakeholders. The analysis only examined Ngalam Petengan as part of the switch-off
initiative led by EHM, with the primary data collection only extending until 2021.
Therefore, further research should aim to explore a broader range of geographical
locations and include various stakeholders over a longer duration to generate more
comprehensive and holistic insights.
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