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INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE

CHALLENGES OF DATA GATHERING

OLAGOKE OLUWAFEMI AWOTAYO

olagoke.awotayo@uniosun.edu.ng

Department of Political Science, Osun State University, Osogbo (Nigeria)

ADETOLA OMITOLA

omitolaa@run.edu.ng

Department of Tourism Studies, Redeemer’s University, Ede (Nigeria)

BOLAJI OMITOLA

bolaji.omitola@uniosun.edu.ng

Department of Political Science, Osun State University, Osogbo (Nigeria)

SEGUN LAKIN ODERINDE

oderindesegun@yahoo.com

Department of Political Science, Osun State University, Osogbo (Nigeria)

Abstract

Nigeria today faces a variety of security risks that are threatening to undermine its status as

an independent republic. These include armed robbery, urban violence, smuggling of

weapons, kidnapping, trafficking in people, and disputes between communities and religions.

A strong intelligence system that can readily gather and analyse data to precisely predict the

movement of criminals and other unwanted elements inside society might alleviate all these

concerns. However, it appears that the government, security, and intelligence agencies are

caught off guard by the on-going attacks by militants, herders, and incidents of ethnic-

religious strife. These unexpected attacks might not be unrelated to incorrect and insufficient

information provided about these acts. The study employs qualitative methodologies and

draws on secondary sources like newspapers, the internet, and published academic works.

The paper's findings show, among other things, that a number of intricate and interconnected

problems can be blamed for the Nigerian intelligence system's lack of efficacy. These

problems, which include an apparent lack of data, under-use of the data that is already

available, and improper data, are made worse by inconsistencies in data management and

sharing across the numerous security agencies operating in the nation. The article concludes

that it is important for the various security apparatuses to be data-driven and exchange

intelligence with one another in order to promote early response to any threat to the security

of citizens' lives and property.

Keywords

Intelligence System, National Security, National Identity System, Data Gathering and Cyber-

security.

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e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 14, Nº. 2 (November 2023-April 2024), pp. 192-210

Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

Olagoke Oluwafemi Awotayo, Adetola Omitola, Bolaji Omitola, Segun Lakin Oderinde

193

Resumo

Atualmente, a Nigéria enfrenta uma série de riscos de segurança que ameaçam minar o seu

estatuto de república independente. Estes incluem assaltos à mão armada, violência urbana,

contrabando de armas, raptos, tráfico de pessoas e disputas entre comunidades e religiões.

Um sistema de informações forte, capaz de recolher e analisar prontamente dados para prever

com precisão o movimento de criminosos e outros elementos indesejáveis na sociedade,

poderia aliviar todas estas preocupações. No entanto, parece que o governo, a segurança e

as agências de informação são apanhados desprevenidos pelos ataques em curso de

militantes, pastores e incidentes de conflitos étnico-religiosos. Estes ataques inesperados

podem não ser alheios à informação incorrecta e insuficiente fornecida sobre estes actos. O

estudo utiliza metodologias qualitativas e recorre a fontes secundárias como os jornais, a

Internet e trabalhos académicos publicados. As conclusões do estudo mostram, entre outras

coisas, que uma série de problemas intrincados e interligados podem ser responsabilizados

pela falta de eficácia do sistema de informações nigeriano. Estes problemas, que incluem uma

aparente falta de dados, subutilização dos dados que já estão disponíveis, e dados impróprios,

são agravados por inconsistências na gestão e partilha de dados entre as numerosas agências

de segurança que operam no país. O artigo conclui que é importante que os vários aparelhos

de segurança sejam orientados por dados e troquem informações entre si para promover uma

resposta rápida a qualquer ameaça à segurança das vidas e bens dos cidadãos.

Palavras chave

Sistema de Informações, Segurança Nacional, Sistema Nacional de Identidade, Recolha de

Dados e Cibersegurança.

How to cite this article

Awotayo, Olagoke Oluwafemi; Omitola, Adetola; Omitola, Bolaji; Oderinde, Segun Lakin (2023).

Inteligence system and national securityin Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering. Janus.net, e-

journal of international relations, Vol14 N2, November 2023-April 2024. Consulted [online] in date

of last view, https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.14.2.8

Article received on March 14, 2023 and accepted on September 6, 2023

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 14, Nº. 2 (November 2023-April 2024), pp. 192-210

Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

Olagoke Oluwafemi Awotayo, Adetola Omitola, Bolaji Omitola, Segun Lakin Oderinde

194

INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA:

THE CHALLENGES OF DATA GATHERING

OLAGOKE OLUWAFEMI AWOTAYO

ADETOLA OMITOLA

BOLAJI OMITOLA

SEGUN LAKIN ODERINDE

Introduction

The Boko Haram insurgency in the north of the country, Delta militants, Fulani herdsmen

invaders, kidnappers, and reviving Niger-Delta Avenger provide possibly the greatest

security threat and challenge to the Nigerian state since the conclusion of the country's

civil war in the early 1970s. Boko Haram and other security threats have prompted a

significant mobilisation of the country's defence and intelligence services, a tightening of

border posts, stringent searches, and the repatriation of illegal immigrants. However,

despite the presence and tactics of the defence and intelligence communities, the

terrorists' on-going violent acts have continued to occur often, resulting in significant

bloodshed and property loss. The type of bombing appears to raise the stakes in

comparison to earlier attacks and lean towards the risky territory for retaliation. A large

population exodus occurs from the damaged areas, which tends to give the terrorist a

new sense of hegemony and spatial control. As a result, many who appear to be

overwhelmed by insecurity have said that Nigeria is on the verge of a new civil war. Boko

Haram and other security issues have made the country more vulnerable to humanitarian

disasters as a result of the large number of refugees and internally displaced people. The

large population in the camp for internally displaced people paints a picture of a fragile

nation. These difficulties show that Nigeria's intelligence agencies and systems have a

long way to go before they can provide quality services, especially in terms of preventing

terrorist attacks and the activities of extremists like Fulani herdsmen invasion and

kidnapping. They also show that they need to be more practical and creative in their

approaches to the many problems this issue poses for Nigeria's public safety and security.

One might speculate that some of the apparent government, security, and intelligence

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e-ISSN: 1647-7251

Vol. 14, Nº. 2 (November 2023-April 2024), pp. 192-210

Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

Olagoke Oluwafemi Awotayo, Adetola Omitola, Bolaji Omitola, Segun Lakin Oderinde

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agencies' unawareness or surprise regarding militant, herdsman, and ethnic-religious

conflicts in the nation could be at least partially attributed to Nigeria's intelligence

agencies' lack of knowledge, resources, and data.

Alemeka (2005), and Permot-Leplay (2020), agree that the issue with the security, law

enforcement, and intelligence organisations is not a lack of valid and reliable data or poor

data management. It is a widespread issue that affects all of the nation's political and

economic institutions. For instance, because Nigeria lacks valid and reliable data on the

size and makeup of its population, we must make do with estimates or data from other

crucial areas, such as employment and unemployment rates, foreign and domestic debts,

petroleum output, export, and import theft (bunkering), foreign trade, poverty rates, etc.

This explains why nothing in Nigeria seems to be going according to plan. Simply put,

planning is characterized by educated guesses and ignorance of pertinent socioeconomic

and political parameters for policy formulation, implementation, monitoring, and

evaluation, which is why things rarely go as planned. This paper adopts qualitative

methodologies and draws its data from secondary sources like newspapers, the internet,

and published academic works.

Conceptual Clarification: Data and Intelligence Gathering

Understanding intelligence is not a simple concept. It is challenging and susceptible to

misunderstandings. Between academics and practitioners, as well as frequently within

each group, certain issues are still up for discussion. Intelligence is seen as an interesting

and, to some, even rather exciting subject to study, but this excitement can frequently

result in enthusiastic, and occasionally partisan, attention to current issues in intelligence

without sufficient grounding in the more fundamental and significant aspects of a national

intelligence program. According to Marrin (2004), some people may find these definitions

overtly pedantic, but others may well prefer the well-known "duck" definition given the

newness of intelligence as a subject of study and the definitional and theoretical dispute

that is still going on. In a similar spirit, Warner (2011) said that there is no universally

recognised definition of intelligence and that any attempt to do so would only lead to

more questions than it would resolve.

According to Iheriohanma and Emenyonu (2018), acquiring, analysing, and utilising

effective information and intelligence regarding the security situation in Nigeria is vital.

Every country's ability to effectively pursue and carry out its security needs depends

critically on a number of factors, including a citizenry that is motivated to be security

conscious and provide the information required, intelligence gathering, the presence of

the necessary security tools and equipment, the will of the government in place, and

security institutions that are able to analyse and make use of the information that is

already available. This point to the lack of information and intelligence gathering and

analysis, lack of relevant modern ICT security equipment and personnel, sharing

intelligence information, and collaborative efforts among these agencies.

Data, information, and intelligence have significant effects on national security, and each

is equally vital in enabling better strategy and decision-making. According to Liew (2007),

Zins (2007), and Gutierrez (2018), data is a recorded truth from a particular point in

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Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

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time in its most basic form. Symbols and signal readings are recorded, collected, and

saved as data. The components of communication-text or verbal, numbers, diagrams,

photos, and video-are always included in the symbols. Sensor or sensory readings of

light, sound, smell, taste, and touch are examples of signals. Data is simply a

representation of fundamental meaning stored as symbols. According to Liew (2007), the

primary goal of data is to record activities or situations in an effort to capture the truth

or the actual occurrence. It captures a moment in time. That occurrence could be a

discussion, a deal, or an interaction. Data is a collection of results from those events that

are quantifiably documented and then used to analyse security conditions. They are

unquestionably expressions of fact.

According to Hoppe, Seising, Nurnberger, and Wenzel (2011), data is provided through

straightforward sign and symbol sequences. In a similar spirit, Bierly, Kessler, and

Christensen (2000) observe that, data are representations whose meanings depend on

the representation system, including symbols and language utilised. Information is a

straightforward method of combining data. When you incorporate data from an event

into a story, you will have information rather than just data. The context of the data is

what enables you to provide simple answers. Information is created as a result of the

responses to those questions. It ultimately comes down to transforming data points into

information that alerts you to security concerns. Intelligence goes a step farther and

makes decisions based on the data.

Intelligence involves the capacity to perceive the environment, form judgments, and

manage behaviour. Higher levels of intelligence may include the capacity for object and

event recognition, information presentation using a world model, and future planning

reasoning. Advanced forms of intelligence have the ability to see, comprehend, make

sensible decisions, and act successfully in a wide range of situations in order to live,

thrive, and reproduce in a challenging and frequently hostile environment (Albus, 1991;

Kekela, & Jana, 2019; McCall, Bowers, & Westaway, 2019).

However, intelligence is the timely and accurate dissemination of information, and

accurate knowledge before a crisis occurs is a vital asset. Such proactive intelligence

enables the close monitoring of developing events and the proactive formulation of

adaptive tactics based on current observations in the field of intelligence and early

warning. Giambastiani and Jones (2004) note that intelligence failure occurs when

intelligence agencies provide inaccurate or misleading information or when actionable

intelligence is not obtained on time. Intelligence collection, analysis, dissemination, and

sharing will be critical in reducing the decision time between recognizing a security risk

and executing the desired course of action. The frequency and scope of crimes are

evolving along with the rest of the world. The procedure of obtaining intelligence must

constantly be improved due to the shifting patterns of crimes. The five steps of the

intelligence cycle, which has also historically been used to describe the intelligence

process, include planning and direction, collecting, processing, analysis, and

dissemination.

Intelligence systems are information networks that provide useful intelligence for national

security. They are built on data, information, and intelligence, involving people,

processes, and technologies. The intelligence doctrine, which includes concepts like

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e-ISSN: 1647-7251

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Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

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intelligence cycle, target cycle, and opioid cycle, serves as a rulebook and reference for

understanding intelligence, developing intelligence capabilities, and utilising intelligence

systems within national security (Smith, 2020; National Counterintelligence and Security

Centre, 2018). It helps stakeholders make informed decisions and ensures that citizens

are better informed about national security matters.

According to Lowenthal (2000), intelligence is comprised of three interconnected

phenomena that, if not explicitly stated, will be unclear. The first thing to understand is

that intelligence is a process. "Intelligence can be thought of as how certain types of

information are required and requested, collected, analysed, and disseminated, as well

as to how certain types of covert action are conceived and conducted," says John C.

Allen. "Intelligence can be viewed as the outcome of these processes, that is, as the

analyses and intelligence operations themselves," says the second point. The third factor

is the structure: "The units that perform intelligence's many functions can be conceived

as intelligence. In reaction to an external threat, in order to safeguard their essential

interests and the welfare of their citizens, governments seek intelligence (Johnson,

2013). The aforementioned intelligence allows for early detection of a security issue and

prompt action to avert the scenario. Sims (2013) asserts that obtaining more information

than your adversary can happen in sports, commerce, and politics but that this is still

the basis of intelligence.

Warner (2017) emphasises the secretive character of intelligence, claiming that

intelligence is impossible without secrets and that a lack of secrecy jeopardises the

sought-after competitive advantages. This is true because a state's use of intellect can

determine its fate. The heart and soul of the intelligence process, the intelligence output

is what gives intelligence its added value. The goal of intelligence is to enable the right

decision to be made and the right action to be taken at the appropriate time and location.

This is accomplished by planning, identifying potential decisions (actions) to be taken

along some course of a planned operation, and then identifying those bits of clarifying,

validating, or triggering information that can be collected and reported in both a timely

and relevant manner. Klir (1992) notes that the capacity of a person or a system to

convert knowledge into actions is referred to as intelligence. Natural intelligence, artificial

intelligence, machine intelligence, and computational intelligence are examples of

intelligence paradigms. The emergence of cognitive robots, cognitive computers,

intelligent systems, and software agents suggests that machines and artificial systems

are also capable of inventing or implementing intelligence.

Intelligence: Towards a Theoretical Analysis

Since the 1950s, intelligence has been studied academically, according to Phythian

(2009). Scholars have pushed for a theory of intelligence almost from the beginning.

Nothing has been developed. Although some authors refer to certain parts of their works

as "theory of intelligence," no one has, to our knowledge, put out any conceptions that

can be put to the test. The contribution that each theory of intelligence makes to the field

of intelligence studies should be stated. But in order to achieve this, it is also necessary

to investigate the method through which knowledge is created, collected, and applied.

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Any theory's foundation is provided by the process; hence studying methodology comes

before studying theory.

State-centric intelligence studies have historically developed in close alignment with

international relations, with realism being the IR school that has most obviously impacted

intelligence studies. Similar to this, the essential assumption at the core of intelligence

analysis has been realism. In order to understand the conflict that the practice of

intelligence can cause in liberal democratic nations, Phythian (2008) lays forth the on-

going importance of this. Hamilton Bean and Gunilla Eriksson contend that different

strategies, such as discourse analysis, should be utilised to reveal the underlying

presuppositions in intelligence communications. As a result, analysts should aim for

fairness and clarity rather than the unattainable ideal of objectivity.

According to Phythian (2008), the assumption that states have a reasonable offensive

capability, are unsure of the intentions of other states, and are rational actors is captured

by structural realism. This assumption underlies the notion of the "great powers" and is

based on the assumptions of an anarchic world system. States aim to lessen uncertainty

through intelligence, and their efforts to remain viable are marked by secrecy.

Sims (2013) criticises structural realism and advocates "adaptive realism," but a more

comprehensive theoretical challenge to realism is made by some who contend that the

concept of "human security" should take the place of the national security as the driving

factor. The interconnectedness of nations and the reality that governments will improve

their security and stability by collaboration with others that support (collective)

sovereignty, despite it has a significant impact on reducing national autonomy, provide

mounting evidence for this (Beck, 2005). However, Beck further warns against the

"methodological nationalism" that has been dubbed "zombie science" and that fails to

acknowledge or advance the degree to which transnational variables "determine"

relations within and between states.

Nigerian Intelligence System: An Historical Perspective

The history of intelligence in Nigeria dates back to the colonial era, when the police's

intelligence branch mainly served as a source of criminal analysis for the force. Their

primary concern was keeping dossiers and records about those who were deemed to be

criminals, associated with criminals, or individuals who were deemed to pose a threat to

public safety, public order, or colonialism. They also offered analysis of the nation's crime

patterns and trends. Particularly during colonial rule, police intelligence units typically

compiled dossiers and kept a close eye on political activists and nationalist-politicians.

After the E-Branch was eliminated from the Nigerian Police Force, and the Nigerian

Security Organisation (NSO) was founded in 1976, the Police Management established

the Criminal Intelligence Bureau (CIB) to carry out the duties formerly handled by the E-

Branch.

The National Security Agencies Decree No. 19, 1986, issued by Ibrahim Gbadamosi

Babangida during his administration, as well as the National Security Agencies Act, Cap.

N.74 of the Laws of the Federation 2004, and the Police Acts and Regulations Laws of

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the Federation, 2004, are what gave rise to Nigeria's intelligent system. State Security

Services and the Defence Intelligence Agency were also established by these laws. The

statutory responsibility for maintaining internal security and public order falls to the

Nigerian police. Along with the police, The Directorate of State Security Service (DSS),

which is in charge of domestic intelligence, the National Intelligence Agencies (NIA),

which is in charge of foreign intelligence and counterintelligence operations, and the

Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA), which is in charge of military intelligence, are all

members of Nigeria's intelligence community.

The violent actions of Boko Haram, herdsmen, robbers, and other sources of instability

have prompted responses from all of the aforementioned organisations. The worst

possibility of detecting crime and insurgency operations, much alone averting bombing

assaults, is provided by Nigerian intelligence systems. With sister agencies that can assist

in identifying and monitoring insurgencies as well as providing early warning signals and

quick responses to thwart their intentions, our intelligence system has failed to

successfully exchange information and intelligence assessments. Lack of confidence

among intelligence agencies could be primary problem in combating the Boko Haram

threat. At the highest level of the agencies, there is excessive rivalry, mistrust, and

personal glory seeking among the sister organizations. However, it can be assumed that

a lack of cooperation among the security services is what led to their failure.

Intelligence and National Security in Nigeria

National security has been defined as a nation-capacity state's to, among other things,

maintain its territorial integrity and physical integrity, maintain reasonable economic

relations with the rest of the world, maintain its nature, institutions, and system of

government from the outside, and control its borders. According to Peter, Marrin, and

Phythian (2009), maintaining states' and societies' distinct identities and functional

integrity is a crucial component of national security.

Akintoye and Ayi (2015), and Lemu (2017) agree that Nigeria's intelligence and security

systems have improved significantly since its independence in 1960. The State Security

Service, the primary agency, protects national security interests and collects information.

Other security bodies include the Nigerian Armed Forces, the Nigerian Police Force, and

the Immigration Service. The Nigerian Intelligence Agency (NIA) provides strategic

analysis and assessments. The government has invested in modernising intelligence

gathering and analysis capabilities by establishing a National Security Database (NSDB),

a national surveillance network, and a Regional Security System (RSS). Advanced

technologies like aerial and satellite imagery are used for intelligence gathering. The

government also has intelligence training centres and has adopted an open-source

intelligence system (OSINT) for security, defence, and political purposes (Ogunkoya,

Olagunju, & Adewumi, 2016; Oladun, & Ola, 2018). These measures aim to ensure the

country's safety and security.

Human security includes the necessity to defend fundamental human rights, which

include as their main threats, killings, executions, genocides, and fatalities as a result of

war or conflicts. These contemporary risks to human security are global in scope and

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Intelligence system and national security in Nigeria: the challenges of data gathering

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interconnected, necessitating an international and integrated response approach. The

fact that Nigeria's various security agencies have fallen short when it comes to

intelligence is reflected in the increase of terrorism, militancy, kidnappings, and armed

robberies, to name a few. These security services' shortcomings in the areas of

intelligence collecting and sharing such intelligence reports with other pertinent security

agencies for proper implementation, despite the significant annual budgets allotted to

them are substantially to blame. The politicisation of the security system and corruption

are two significant factors that work against the success of Nigeria's security system.

The safety and security topology now significantly more advanced than it was in the

previous two decades, according to Odinkalu (2005). The environment, shoddy

infrastructure, and health and safety supervision procedures are under enormous stress

as a result of population increase, industrial advancements, and sophisticated criminality.

The range of needs for safety and security as a result includes issues like industrial and

civil safety economic, communications and general infrastructural security, various types

of accidents and related rescue operations, environmental security, identity security, and

more advanced intelligence mechanisms that prioritise crisis prevention over post-hoc

detection and response.

Nigeria's attempt to address the issue of threats to her internal security as a result of the

prevalent state of insecurity in some sections of the country has presented intriguing

problems for the country's intelligence community. Because of the on-going intelligence

failures and resulting state of uncertainty, intelligence's effectiveness had been

questioned. The competing problems of a lack of real-time intelligence and a lack of

analytical ability related to information gathering and management made this necessary.

To ensure individual safety and property protection, Nigeria is home to numerous law

enforcement, intelligence, and security organisations. However, due to a number of

internal and external constraints, the level of efficacy and efficiency of these agencies is

unsatisfactory (Peters, 2020; Akinsulure-Smith, 2020; Alemika, 2005; Alemika &

Chukwuma, 2001). One of these reasons is the lack of adequate and trustworthy data

and information that all of these organisations practically work on (Alemika, 2005). The

police have struggled to attain high clearance rates, successful prosecution, and high

conviction rates due to a lack of trustworthy data and statistics. The prosecution division,

courts, and jail facilities are backed up due to a shortage of trustworthy criminal

intelligence analysis. Statistics on the prison population in Nigeria during the previous 15

years reveal that a large portion of offenders were being held in custody pending trial.

Overall, the nation's ability to prevent and regulate crime has been hampered by the lack

of trustworthy and legitimate information management systems inside each of the

criminal justice and security institutions. Additionally, it has reduced the effectiveness of

defences put in place to protect the nation's security and safety.

Maintaining a sufficient security presence is one of the most crucial tasks in

counterinsurgency (COIN), according to Oyewole (2014), in order to protect the lives and

property of the affected population and reinstate law and order in society. As a result,

both the size and quality of security presence have an impact on the situation in Nigeria's

COIN theatre, notably the operators' capacity to receive timely and pertinent information

and mobilise for an immediate response. The local air force and the complementary air

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powers have impacted the security situations with the level of their presence or absence

in the sky for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; firepower; and

transportation in the theatre, even though the roles of the ground operatives have

dominated public attention.

According to Oshita, Alumona, and Onuha (2019), the administration of internal security

in Nigeria during the past two decades has been defined by the emergence of numerous

security concerns. Although continuous herdsmen-farmers confrontations, militancy in

the Niger Delta, Boko Haram insurgency, and other security issues including kidnapping,

urban gang violence, human trafficking, arms smuggling, cybercrime, and illegal

migration, among others, have a tendency to be overshadowed. The substantial loss of

life and property in Nigeria is a result of the security crises' endurance and the

institutions' formal and informal incapacity to contain them. They also pointed out that

the Nigerian government's management of internal security issues tended to take a

reactive, forceful, and repressive strategy rather than a proactive, preventive, and

inclusive one.

In modern global environment, studies had shown that security is a core goal of state.

Many states gather intelligence as part of their efforts to protect their borders, but some

states prioritise doing so more than others, thus they devote greater resources to the

effort (Jubril, 2017). It is impossible to overstate how useless intelligence is, that is why

Moses is said to have sent spies into Canaan to investigate the possibility of Israelites

settling there. The availability of information and communication technology, which has

increased the speed and methods of gathering correct data and the precision of turning

raw data into final intelligence, as well as the state's desire for intelligence, have,

however, made these factors less important.

Nigerian intelligence agencies included have access to data from the National Identity

Database System, which was developed and is being used, for its own objectives. This is

why the National Identity Management Commission (MIMC) was established, with its

three main responsibilities being to build, run, and manage the National Identity

Management System (NIMS) with a focus on:

1. Establishing and maintaining a National Identity Database;

2. Providing eligible citizens and legal residents with Unique National Identification

Numbers;

3. Issuing a Smart ID Card to every person who has registered;

4. Harmonizing and integrating Identity Databases in Government Agencies to achieve

resource optimization;

5. Providing a secure method for accessing the National Identity Database so that a

person can unquestionably assert their identity (Person Identification Verification

Services (PIVS) Infrastructure);

6. Collaborating with private and/or public sector institutions to deliver on the National

Identity Management System (NIMS)

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Terrorism, Banditry and Kidnapping: National Identity System and

Intelligence Operations in Nigeria

A national identity system can help prevent terrorism, banditry, and kidnapping by giving

residents a safe and trustworthy way to identify themselves. It will be harder for criminals

to use phony identities if this system helps to verify that people are accurately identified

and vetted. Law enforcement organizations can effectively follow and apprehend

criminals engaged in these activities by connecting different kinds of identification, such

biometric data, to a centralized database. Guardian (August, 2021) reports that despite

the fact that many Nigerians had to stand in line for days in the hot heat to register

during the pandemic, the impact on the National Identity System security concerns in

Nigeria remains minimal. Attacks by criminals on the public are still common today. Even

with the NIN-SIM identity system in place, terrorists, kidnappers, bandits, and other

criminal elements of society continue to operate with impunity. This Federal

Government's security regulations have frequently been circumvented in the bandit-

prone North East. According to reports, citizens of the states of Katsina, Zamfara, and

Kaduna gave security personnel the bandits' phone numbers after recounting their

experiences inside kidnappers' lairs. However, they bemoaned the fact that nothing was

done to capture the crooks, messing up the Federal Government's directions on

registering telephone subscribers and connecting SIM to NIN (Guardian, August 2021).

Ayamba (2018) looks at the difficulty Nigeria's identity management environment faces

due to the lack of consistency among identity databases. The situation of chaotic identity

management exists in Nigeria, where each institution that collects identity-related data

handles its own and there is no efficient synergy to coordinate the disparate identity

management silos. The study's conclusion is that in order to avoid identity crises, ensure

interoperability, and reap the full benefits of identity management, it is necessary to

unify identity-related data from public entities that collect such data.

The application of information and communication technologies for the development of

public service delivery has become increasingly essential to any nation (Oyeniran,

Oyeniran, & Oyeniyi 2019). These factors include population growth, the expansion of

complex government services, and the urgency for effective public service delivery to the

citizens. This is the era of electronic governance and administration, when advances in

ICT are fuelled by a combination of hardware and software technologies to generate ease,

accuracy, precision, efficiency, and effectiveness in the management of the public's

human and material resources.

To find and follow potential threats, intelligence agencies collect and analyse information

from a variety of sources. This may entail keeping an eye out for suspicious activity,

breaking into criminal organisations, and exchanging intelligence with the appropriate

law enforcement organisations. Effective intelligence operations, according to Oatley

(2017), can aid in spotting high-risk regions, preventing attacks, dismantling criminal

networks, and freeing hostages. In order to address these security issues, cooperation

between law enforcement, intelligence, and other relevant parties is crucial. Combating

terrorism, banditry, and kidnapping can be more effective if intelligence is shared and

operations are coordinated.

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Challenges of Intelligence Agencies: Data and Cyber-security in Nigeria

Mabogunje (2018), Udubuisi, Ikwuagwu, and Igboanusi (2016), as well as others have

underlined the critical role that intelligence services play in preserving national security

and safeguarding a nation's interests, including in Nigeria. To identify and stop threats

to national security and guarantee the protection of its population, these agencies acquire

and analyse information. In today's increasingly linked world, data security and cyber-

security concerns are of the utmost importance. Nigeria is vulnerable to different cyber

threats such hacking, data breaches, and cyber-attacks. The security and privacy of

people, businesses, and governmental entities may be jeopardised by these issues.

Nigeria has taken action to strengthen its cyber-security capabilities in order to address

these problems. To monitor cyber-security measures, the nation has formed

organisations like the National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA)

and the National Cyber-security Agency (NITDA). To avoid and address cyber threats,

these organisations collaborate with other parties, including law enforcement

organisations (Umaru, 2018). Any nation's intelligence services must contend with a

number of difficulties, and Nigeria is no exception. Common difficulties include a lack of

funding, inadequate technology and training, political meddling, and the dynamic nature

of international security threats. Corruption, a lack of coordination and communication

between authorities, and the demand for more robust international cooperation are

possible additional difficulties in the Nigerian setting.

The increasing use of technology without appropriate security safeguards is a significant

problem. Critical industries including banking, healthcare, and government systems

become vulnerable as a result. Individuals and businesses become victims of cyber-

attacks due to a lack of awareness and education about these threats, which can cause

data breaches, financial loss, and the interruption of vital services.

Nadarajah and Param (2020) note that another issue is the rise of clever cybercriminals

who prey on poor cyber-security systems and legal vulnerabilities. Cybercrime is on the

rise in part because there are not enough regulations in place and they are not being

enforced. Additionally, a labour gap caused by a shortage of qualified cyber-security

specialists makes it challenging to recognize and effectively respond to cyber threats.

Education and awareness are crucial in addressing these issues. At all educational levels,

funding for cyber-security education and training programmes is essential. This involves

increasing knowledge of cyber threats, safe online conduct, and the value of data

protection among students, instructors, and the general public (Epstein, 2015; Moritz &

Rheign, 2016). However, it is crucial to improve cooperation between public sector

organizations, businesses, and international partners. Nigeria can create more effective

cyber-security plans and technologies to successfully combat cyber threats through

exchanging knowledge, resources, and skills.

Data security and cyber-security should be prioritised by people, corporations, and

organisations in addition to government initiatives. This can be accomplished by taking

steps like performing routine software upgrades, using secure passwords, using firewalls

and antivirus software, and keeping up with emerging dangers. Protecting against cyber

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threats can be greatly aided by putting cyber-security best practices into practice and

encouraging a culture of knowledge and vigilance.

In general, maintaining a safe and secure digital environment in Nigeria requires the

cooperation of intelligence agencies, data security, and cyber-security. Nigerians can

work together to strengthen her defence against cyber-attacks by adopting proactive

measures both at the governmental and personal levels.

Obstacles to Effective National Intelligence Service Delivery

Effective national and organisational intelligence service delivery faces a number of

challenges. Among the challenges are: lack of cooperation and competition among

intelligence agencies: In a nation like Nigeria, where there are several security and

intelligence agencies as well as layers of government authorities, this issue is

exacerbated. When one agency wants to stand out and claim the spotlight, there is

always a lack of cooperation; Officers are instructed on knowledge necessary for

gathering intelligence: To produce timely, pertinent, and accurate intelligence, Wirtz

(2009) emphasises that training police officers in many functional areas, particularly

patrol and border officers, is essential. According to Wirtz, many police and security

officers frequently lack awareness of the relevance of the information they get or the

events they observe for efficient intelligence generation. This is because they have not

received enough and pertinent training. Due to a lack of proper terrorism intelligence

training, officers or detectives may be hiding crucial information from them or may not

know how to convey it.

The federal government should establish cooperative intelligence among the security

agencies as a proactive response to the problem of information sharing vertically among

sister security agencies and local vigilante, and encourage horizontally between peer

agencies operating in the country, in recognition of this weakness; The plurality or

proliferation of police and security organizations are frequently obstacles to effective flow.

Docobo (2005) points out that the majority of local law enforcement officials have never

worked in the intelligence field and may not be fully aware of what information to look

for as being suggestive of terrorist activities or that may be valuable in a broader

intelligence context. Without adequate training, coordination, and use of intellect, a

typical patrol officer or detective would not be able to identify these indications because

they are not always evident but rather subtle. According to Ratcliffe and Walden (2015),

having local police and having local politicians manage them politically in America is seen

as the "basis for improved accountability and community connection." He countered,

though, by saying that "it is a technical and cultural impediment to collaboration and

knowledge." As a result, they note that in the United States of America, where there are

numerous federal law enforcement agencies and roughly 18,000 state and local agencies,

it was evident in the immediate wake of 9/11 that crucial information was not thoroughly

assessed or shared with those who required it.

The following summarises the factors that prevent Nigeria from providing competent

national intelligence services:

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1. Limited finance and resources: The efficiency of intelligence services can be severely

hampered by inadequate budget and resources. For the purpose of obtaining cutting-

edge technology, educating employees, and gathering important intelligence,

adequate expenditure is essential.

2. Lack of coordination: Information sharing and coordination issues between various

intelligence organisations might result in inefficiencies. To provide a thorough and

cohesive approach to intelligence gathering and analysis, agencies must work together

and in concert.

3. Corruption and politicisation: The honesty and efficiency of intelligence services' work

can be jeopardized by corruption within those organizations. Additionally, political

meddling in intelligence affairs can erode the impartiality and objectivity necessary for

precise analysis and decision-making.

4. Lack of knowledge and experience: Having access to knowledgeable and qualified

intelligence workers is essential for providing effective services. A lack of skilled

personnel and inadequate training opportunities might be quite difficult.

5. Technological constraints: Inadequate data management methods and out-dated

technologies might make it difficult to obtain and analyse intelligence. The adoption

of cutting-edge technological tools and infrastructure is crucial for enhancing

productivity and accuracy.

6. Nigeria faces a variety of security issues, including terrorism, organized crime, and

insurgency. The capacities of intelligence organisations may be strained, and

resources may be diverted from other areas, due to these complicated security

challenges.

7. Public perception and trust: Effective service delivery of intelligence services depends

on public trust. Transparency, accountability, and obedience to the law are necessary

for establishing and sustaining confidence.

Conclusion

From the findings of the study, it seems intelligence agencies in Nigeria are powerless to

address the security situation in the nation as a result of Boko Haram's recent wave of

bombings across the entire nation, Movement Emancipation of the Niger-Delta (MEND),

Fulani herdsmen attacks, various cultist attacks in Rivers and Lagos states, and on-going

kidnapping in the country. However, a number of intricate and interconnected problems

might be blamed for the Nigerian intelligence system's inefficiency. Concern over various

security systems' corruption, the state of the economy, the intricacy of the border, and

some political elites' backing for the uprising.

Collaboration between intelligence agencies, law enforcement agencies, and other key

parties is necessary for the efficient operation of security agencies in Nigeria in order to

address these security concerns. Combating terrorism, banditry, and kidnapping will be

more effective if intelligence activities are shared and coordinated. The article concludes

that, it is important for the various security apparatuses to be data-driven and exchange

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intelligence with one another in order to promote early response to any threat to the

security of citizens' lives and property.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusion of the study, various devices must exchange intelligence with

one another. The intelligence establishment should muster the courage to name political

leaders who are helping Boko Haram in order to coordinate their response cooperatively

and implement proper and effective border management. A combined intelligence center

should be established at the federal police headquarters, with branches at the police

headquarters in each of the states, as far as the Federal Government of Nigeria is

concerned. The Ministry of Cooperation and Integration in Africa, the Office of the

National Security Adviser, and the other country's armed forces and security agencies

may all be immediately connected to the joint centre. At least two specially trained

individuals from each of the nation's security agencies would make up the personnel of

the joint centre. The government should ensure that the joint intelligence centre will

receive the tools and instruction required for it to properly tackle the problem of arms

proliferation.

The study's suggestions are summed up as follows:

- Improve Information Sharing and Collaboration: Encourage cooperation and

communication among the many government organisations engaged in intelligence

collecting. This includes organisations in charge of law enforcement, intelligence,

defence, and security. Creating platforms and protocols for data sharing can assist

organize and streamline information for better decision-making.

- Invest in infrastructure and technology: By making investments in cutting-edge

technology solutions, Nigeria's data collection infrastructure would be upgraded and

modernized. Creating secure networks, data storage, and processing capabilities are

all part of this. Artificial intelligence and data analytics techniques can be used to

accelerate analysis and find patterns in massive datasets.

- Strengthen Cyber-security Measures: It is essential to safeguard data from online

dangers as more data is gathered and shared. To stop hacker attacks, data breaches,

and unauthorized access, strengthen the cyber-security infrastructure. Establish

secure communication routes for transferring critical information, conduct routine

security audits, and train staff on cyber-security best practices.

- Create policies for thorough data collection: To ensure compliance with privacy

regulations and safeguard individual rights, establish precise norms and methods for

data collection, storage, preservation, and destruction. In order to ensure that those

working on intelligence gathering understand the significance of data ethics and

privacy, more training should be given to them.

- Enhance Human Resources and Training: Invest in initiatives that will help

professionals who gather intelligence develop their skills. Giving them knowledge of

cutting-edge data analysis methods, information security protocols, and emerging

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technology is part of this. Effective data collection depends on finding and keeping

qualified workers in the intelligence sector.

- Encourage global cooperation: Encourage alliances and collaborations with other

countries and organisations to take advantage of their knowledge and expertise in

intelligence collecting. This entails taking part in global discussions, sharing best

practices, and drawing on outside sources of intelligence to support domestic

initiatives.

In summary, implementing these suggestions will assist Nigeria in overcoming the

difficulties entailed in data collection for intelligence systems and national security.

Nigeria can boost its intelligence capabilities and guarantee the safety and security of its

inhabitants by investing in technology, boosting cyber-security, creating comprehensive

policies, enhancing human resources, and promoting international cooperation.

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