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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
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REGIONAL COOPERATION, ENERGY DIPLOMACY, AND GEOPOLITICAL
DYNAMICS OF FOSSIL FUELS: BIBLIOMETRIC TRENDS IN ENERGY SECURITY
SIMON SUMANJOYO HUTAGALUNG
simon.sumanjoyo@fisip.unila.ac.id
Associate Professor at the Department of Public Administration and International Relations,
Universitas Lampung (Indonesia). His research interests include energy security, diplomacy,
disaster governance, and adaptive public governance. He has published on governance,
resilience, and international political dynamics in peer-reviewed journals.
HASBI SIDIK
hasbi.sidik@fisip.unila.ac.id
A faculty member in the Department of International Relations, Universitas Lampung
(Indonesia). His academic interests cover international political economy, energy politics, and
regional cooperation, especially in relation to global energy transitions and emerging economies.
MOH. NIZAR
moh.nizar@fisip.unila.ac.id
Lecturer at the Department of International Relations, Universitas Lampung (Indonesia). His
research focuses on geopolitics, international security, and foreign policy analysis, with particular
attention to energy-related strategic issues and regional dynamics.
GITA KARISMA
gita.karisma@fisip.unila.ac.id
Lecturer affiliated with the Department of International Relations, Universitas Lampung
(Indonesia). Her research interests include energy diplomacy, sustainability, and international
cooperation, with an emphasis on policy-oriented and interdisciplinary approaches.
NIBRAS FADHILLAH
nibras.fadhillah@fisip.unila.ac.id
Junior researcher in International Relations at Universitas Lampung (Indonesia). His academic
interests include energy security, global governance, and emerging issues in international
diplomacy, particularly in developing and emerging economies.
Abstract
Emphasizing three main themes—regional frameworks for energy cooperation, the changing
role of state and non-state actors in energy diplomacy, and the changing geopolitics of fossil
fuels—this paper investigates bibliometric trends in energy research. The study underlines the
need for regional energy cooperation, including market integration, cross-border electricity
trade, and the acceptance of renewable energy technologies, as well as their relevance. While
shaping global energy relations and politics, these systems are vital to improving energy
security and sustainability. The paper also examines how non-state actors—businesses,
international organizations, and civil society—are increasingly shaping energy diplomacy.
Emphasizing the need for global cooperation and private-sector involvement in energy policy,
the results point to a shift from state-centered governance to a more dispersed approach. The
study also examines how global shifts in energy control affect resource availability, supply
routes, and energy security, thereby addressing the evolving dynamics of fossil fuel
geopolitics. Efforts to diversify energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels are
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
266
reshaping long-term economic plans and international relations. The paper concludes that
proactive steps in policy integration, innovation, and international cooperation are necessary
to handle the complexity of worldwide energy transitions. Developing plans that promote a
stable and sustainable global energy future depends on awareness of these changing trends.
Keywords
Energy Security, Diplomacy, Bibliometrics, Publication Trends, and Research Landscape.
Resumo
Com ênfase em três temas principais — os quadros regionais para a cooperação energética,
a evolução do papel dos atores estatais e não estatais na diplomacia energética e a evolução
da geopolítica dos combustíveis fósseis —, este artigo investiga as tendências bibliométricas
na investigação sobre energia. O estudo sublinha a necessidade de cooperação energética
regional, incluindo a integração de mercados, o comércio transfronteiriço de eletricidade e a
aceitação de tecnologias de energia renovável, bem como a sua relevância. Ao moldarem as
relações e a política energética globais, estes sistemas são vitais para melhorar a segurança
e a sustentabilidade energéticas. O artigo examina também como os atores não estatais —
empresas, organizações internacionais e sociedade civil — estão a moldar cada vez mais a
diplomacia energética. Enfatizando a necessidade de cooperação global e do envolvimento do
setor privado na política energética, os resultados apontam para uma mudança de uma
governação centrada no Estado para uma abordagem mais dispersa. O estudo examina
também como as mudanças globais no controlo energético afetam a disponibilidade de
recursos, as rotas de abastecimento e a segurança energética, abordando assim a dinâmica
em evolução da geopolítica dos combustíveis fósseis. Os esforços para diversificar as fontes
de energia e reduzir a dependência dos combustíveis fósseis estão a remodelar os planos
económicos de longo prazo e as relações internacionais. O artigo conclui que são necessárias
medidas proativas em matéria de integração de políticas, inovação e cooperação internacional
para lidar com a complexidade das transições energéticas a nível mundial. O desenvolvimento
de planos que promovam um futuro energético global estável e sustentável depende da
consciência destas tendências em mudança.
Palavras-chave
Segurança Energética, Diplomacia, Bibliometria, Tendências de Publicação e Panorama da
Investigação.
How to cite this article
Hutagalung, Simon Sumanjoyo, Sidik, Hasbi, Nizar, Moh., Karisma, Gita & Fadhillah, Nibras (2026).
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels: Bibliometric
Trends in Energy Security. Janus.net, e-journal of international relations, VOL. 17, Nº. 1, May
2026, pp. 265-284. https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.17.1.14
Article submitted on 3 July 2025 and accepted on 10 October 2025 .
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
267
REGIONAL COOPERATION, ENERGY DIPLOMACY, AND
GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS OF FOSSIL FUELS: BIBLIOMETRIC
TRENDS IN ENERGY SECURITY
SIMON SUMANJOYO HUTAGALUNG
HASBI SIDIK
MOH. NIZAR
GITA KARISMA
NIBRAS FADHILLAH
Introduction
Energy security is the capacity of a nation or region to sustain a constant, reasonably
priced, dependable supply of energy sources, all of which are vital for social development
and economic prosperity (Gitemen, Magaril, & Kozhevnikov, 2023). Three main
components define energy security: they ensure that a country can meet its energy needs
while promoting environmental protection and economic stability. First, it is imperative
to ensure that readily available energy sources meet household needs. To maintain its
social and economic growth, any country needs dependable and enough energy sources.
Maintaining reasonable energy costs for people and businesses also depends critically on
price stability. Stable energy costs help households and companies reduce their financial
load, hence promoting economic development. Furthermore, sustainability is a major
component of energy security, underscoring the need to use renewable and
environmentally friendly energy sources to meet the needs of future generations (Gasser,
2020; Khan, Su, Khurshid, & Qin, 2023).
While these features provide a foundation for energy security, achieving them remains
difficult, especially for emerging nations. Energy insecurity is exacerbated by the unequal
distribution of energy resources, rapid industrialization, and the effects of climate change.
Furthermore, the ongoing reliance on fossil fuels despite growing calls for a transition to
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
268
renewable energy highlights the gap between policy goals and actual practice. Achieving
energy security requires implementing numerous interconnected plans. Diverse energy
sources are a very important strategy, as they ensure a consistent supply and reduce
dependence on a single source. Furthermore, improving energy efficiency is crucial
because it reduces waste and makes better use of current resources. Another important
component is strengthening the infrastructure supporting energy generation, storage,
and delivery, to facilitate their effective application. Moreover, developing energy
technologies can inspire creativity and bring fresh ideas to meet changing energy
consumption. Last but not least, encouraging international cooperation is essential to
supporting group efforts to address global energy issues and ensure an equitable
distribution of resources for all (Burns, 2019).
Developing nations, however, face special difficulties in putting these ideas into practice.
Restricted financial means restrict their capacity for technological and infrastructure
investments. Further obstacles arise from their reliance on developed nations for
technological expertise and transfer. These countries are also more vulnerable to global
price swings, which could disrupt their economies. The key issue is how these countries
can accelerate their shift toward energy security while advancing fair development.
Customizing policies to local contexts, supporting innovation, and enhancing regional
energy cooperation would help us achieve sustainable and fair energy development.
Beyond its conventional role in addressing global issues such as climate change,
economic inequality, and geopolitical tensions, diplomacy is essential for ensuring energy
security. Within the field of energy security, diplomatic initiatives operate at several levels
to address complex, interrelated problems. The restriction of domestic resources is one
of the main difficulties. Many countries struggle to meet their growing energy needs;
therefore, international collaboration is essential. Through diplomatic efforts, nations can
secure access to vital energy resources. Although some resource-rich countries employ
energy exports as a political instrument, global energy management is greatly different
(Lazard & Youngs, 2021). This raises a crucial issue: How can global systems provide fair
access to energy resources while reducing the risk of geopolitical conflict?.
Beyond its conventional role in addressing global issues such as climate change,
economic inequality, and geopolitical tensions, diplomacy is essential for ensuring energy
security. Within the field of energy security, diplomatic initiatives operate at several levels
to address complex, interrelated problems. The restriction of domestic resources is one
of the main difficulties. Many countries struggle to meet their growing energy needs;
therefore, international collaboration is essential. Through diplomatic efforts, nations can
secure access to vital energy resources. Although some resource-rich countries employ
energy exports as a political tool, global energy management is somewhat different
(Griffiths, 2019). Reforming these systems is crucial to meeting the specific needs of
emerging countries and promoting a more inclusive global energy system. Furthermore,
essential to energy diplomacy is the shift to renewable energy. Although sustainability
depends on this change, technology transfer and financing present major difficulties.
Many current diplomatic projects overlook the need to ensure that poor nations have
adequate access to financial support and renewable energy technologies. Energy
diplomacy must change to encourage fair engagement so that every country can both
benefit from and help shape the global energy transition (Prontera, 2020). Negotiating
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
269
these urgent issues will significantly shape a fairer, more stable, and sustainable global
energy future.
Diplomacy in energy security and current research still have major gaps that compromise
their effectiveness in addressing pressing issues. Addressing these gaps is therefore
essential to provide more complete and lasting solutions. One main difference is the
absence of regional energy cooperation systems. Although many energy security projects
focus on global solutions, regional cooperation—especially in underdeveloped regions
such as Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America—is sometimes overlooked. Through
regional energy cooperation, nations can pool resources, share infrastructure, and
negotiate energy agreements more effectively. A region-specific energy security plan,
such as the ASEAN Energy Security Initiative, might call for group investments in energy
infrastructure, linked energy networks, and cooperative renewable energy initiatives.
This strategy would not only address local energy issues but also help participating
nations in practice.
The second disparity concerns the scant involvement of non-state entities in energy
diplomacy. Most current studies concentrate on state-led initiatives, therefore ignoring
the growing impact of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational companies,
and local communities. By driving innovation and helping shape energy policies, these
groups are vital. By bringing sophisticated energy solutions to underdeveloped countries,
multinational companies can help to promote technology transfer. NGOs fight for fair
access to energy to ensure that underprivileged groups are involved in the course change.
Analyzing how these players operate as middlemen in energy diplomacy could pave the
way for more equitable energy sector governance going forward.
The third gap is the too strong emphasis on the geopolitics of fossil fuels. While issues
such as the political consequences of renewable energy and the importance of essential
minerals in energy transitions are often overlooked, the present study focuses primarily
on the political aspects of fossil fuels. The shift to renewable energy presents new
challenges, especially regarding the geopolitics of vital minerals such as lithium and
cobalt, which are essential for solar panel and battery technology. Evaluation of how
renewable energy supply chains affect energy security depends on an awareness of these
processes. Reducing reliance on limited mineral resources through recycling,
technological innovation, and diversifying supply chains to lower risks is part of the
suggested solutions. Addressing these challenges will enable energy diplomacy and
research to better align with the changing terrain of energy security, thereby promoting
more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable solutions for both rich and poor countries.
Diplomacy on energy security is changing greatly right now. Global events, including the
development of renewable energy technologies and geopolitical changes, influence these
developments. Recent studies (Proedrou, 2023) have highlighted the urgent need to
address energy-related issues through more integrated and inclusive approaches across
these transitions. Although studies on energy security have advanced greatly, the
literature still shows major gaps that prevent the useful use of research results in
policymaking. Although bibliometric studies have helped identify patterns in research,
they often lack practical information for legislators. Monitoring publishing patterns or
spotting prolific writers and institutions provides only partial insight into how research
results may be used in sensible energy strategies. Furthermore, little study has been
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
270
done on how energy diplomacy may balance the sometimes competing interests of rich
and poor countries.
In this study, energy diplomacy is understood as the set of diplomatic practices,
negotiations, and policy instruments through which states and non-state actors seek to
secure access to energy, manage transboundary energy relations, and shape global
energy governance. Unlike traditional energy security, which primarily focuses on supply
stability and affordability, energy diplomacy emphasizes political negotiation, institutional
cooperation, and multi-actor engagement across national and regional boundaries
(Prontera, 2020; Griffiths, 2019). This conceptual distinction is essential for bibliometric
analysis, as it allows the mapping of how scholarly discourse has evolved from state-
centric energy geopolitics toward more complex and inclusive governance arrangements.
This work offers pragmatic models to bridge the gap between policy execution and
scholarly research. Using bibliometric analysis to pinpoint important knowledge hubs—
including eminent academics, research institutes, and powerful research clusters—and
encouraging focused interactions with legislators is one sensible way. Such alliances
could help to co-create research-based policies that fit actual requirements. This
approach aims to ensure that academic ideas are effectively incorporated into energy
diplomacy projects, thereby supporting a fairer and more balanced approach to global
energy security. Several bibliometric research questions are proposed in this work: (1)
What are the developing patterns in research concerning regional energy cooperation
frameworks? , (2.). Over time, how has scholarly study on the functions of state and
non-state players in energy diplomacy changed? & (3). How do current research trends
on the geopolitics of fossil fuels compare with those on the geopolitics of renewable
energy?
Methodology
In scientific studies, bibliometric analysis is a method for examining trends and patterns
in data from academic publications (Donthu, Kumar, Mukherjee, Pandey, & Lim, 2021).
This approach can track the evolution of a scientific field, assess the influence of research,
and pinpoint important research topics (Choudhri, Siddiqui, Khan, & Cohen, 2015).
Starting with terms and phrases relevant to your study topic, then selecting a database,
is the fundamental process for conducting bibliometric analysis using Scopus and
VOSviewer. For a bibliometric study, Scopus is a great choice because it covers scientific
papers across many fields. Depending on the publication year, publication type (such as
books or journal articles), and institutional affiliation, researchers can narrow their search
results. In this work, researchers searched the Scopus database for papers emphasizing
energy security and diplomacy using a particular formula. Every element of the formula
utilized is broken out in great detail below:
Using titles, abstracts, or keywords, this method identifies 82 English-language journal
articles on energy security and diplomacy. The next level involves gathering data. Export
the Scopus data in a VOS Viewer-compatible format (e.g., CSV), then clean and prepare
it for analysis (Öztürk, Kocaman, & Kanbach, 2024). This process may require data
reformatting, duplicate removal, and integration of data from multiple sources. In the
next stage, we analyzed the data using the VOS viewer program. In the VOS viewer,
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
271
import the cleaned data. Among the several options the program offers for visualizing
bibliometric data are timelines, cluster diagrams, and network maps. Examine the
visualizations to find trends, patterns, and data correlations (Moral-Muñoz, Herrera-
Viedma, Santisteban-Espejo, & Cobo, 2020).
Table 1. Formula for Searching for Publication Documents with Energy Security and Diplomacy
Topics
Nº
Formula
Explanation
1.
TITLE-ABS-KEY ("energy security"
and "diplomacy")
− TITLE-ABS-KEY: Search for keywords in the
title, abstract and keywords of the article.
− "energy security": Search for the keyword
"energy security".
− AND: Combining two keywords, so the article
must contain them second those keywords.
− "diplomacy": Search for the keyword
"diplomacy".
2.
AND [LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE,"ar")]
− AND: Limits search results to articles that
match the conditions specified next.
− LIMIT-TO: Limit document types.
− DOCTYPE: Document type.
− "With": Search for articles ("ar" means
"article").
3.
AND [LIMIT-TO
(LANGUAGE,"English")]
− AND: Limits search results to articles that
match the conditions specified next.
− LIMIT-TO: Restrict language.
− LANGUAGE: "English": Search for articles in
English
4.
AND [LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE,"j")]
− AND: Limits search results to articles that
match the conditions specified next.
− LIMIT-TO: Limit the source of the article.
− SRCTYPE: "j": Search for articles from journals
("j" means "journal")
Results
This Results section is structured to address the three research questions proposed in
this study. Specifically, the analysis of publication trends and keyword clusters responds
to Research Question 1 on regional energy cooperation frameworks; the author and
institutional patterns address Research Question 2 concerning the evolving roles of state
and non-state actors in energy diplomacy; and the thematic comparison between fossil
fuel geopolitics and emerging renewable energy topics addresses Research Question 3.
For librarians, legislators, and scholars, understanding annual publishing distribution is
vital. Understanding research trends and identifying new areas of inquiry can help us to
improve our decisions about policy, education, and research. The following is the annual
publication count on energy security and diplomacy:
While major energy-related crises have historically contributed to increases in publication
activity, the data show that 2019 had the highest number of publications, accounting for
14.6% of the total sample. This peak cannot be explained solely by the 2008 global
energy crisis. Instead, it likely reflects a convergence of factors, including intensified
debates on the post-Paris Agreement energy transition, rising geopolitical tensions
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
272
surrounding gas supply routes, and growing scholarly attention to China’s Belt and Road
Initiative in the energy sector.
Table 2. Distribution of Publications on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics by Year
Years
∑
%
Years
∑
%
2024
6
7,3
2013
4
4,9
2023
4
4,9
2011
2
2,4
2022
2
2,4
2010
2
2,4
2021
3
3,7
2009
1
1,2
2020
6
7,3
2008
5
6,1
2019
12
14,6
2007
4
4,9
2018
4
4,9
2006
2
2,4
2017
5
6,1
2004
1
1,2
2016
6
7,3
2002
1
1,2
2015
7
8,5
1999
1
1,2
2014
4
4,9
Total
82
These dynamics positioned 2019 as a critical moment for research on energy security
and diplomacy. Furthermore, helping to explain growing publishing rates are current
studies concentrated on energy security and diplomacy. As new renewable energy
technologies develop, they could improve energy security and hasten the shift toward
more ecologically friendly living. Moreover, financing for diplomacy and energy security
could affect publishing patterns. Other elements could influence future bibliometric
statistics in these domains. Studies on energy security and diplomacy may be affected
by geopolitical events such as rising global tensions or the emergence of new powers.
Publications on renewable energy and artificial intelligence could also rise in tandem with
developments in these subjects. Moreover, diplomatic ties and energy security are
greatly shaped by policies on climate change and energy trade. Examining the
distribution of publications across authors helps researchers understand the terrain of
their work. This study clarifies active researchers, networks of cooperation, and the
results of different research projects. This identifying method is shown in the table below:
Table 3. Distribution of Publications on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics by Author
No
Author
∑
%
1
Pradhan, R.
4
2,90
2
Prontera, A.
3
2,17
3
Aalto, P.
2
1,45
4
Bahgat, G.
2
1,45
5
Jirásek, J.
2
1,45
6
Kavina, P.
2
1,45
7
Proedrou, F.
2
1,45
8
Sivek, M.
2
1,45
9
Zholdasbekova, A.
2
1,45
10
Abzhaparova, L.
1
0,72
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
273
This study highlights certain bibliometric patterns among authors of publications in the
domains of diplomacy, security, and energy. The statistics show that some writers,
including Pradhan and Prontera, have made more significant contributions than their
colleagues, suggesting they are field leaders. Although some eminent writers are present,
the statistics also show that many others contribute to the publication of works on this
subject, thereby demonstrating the field's appeal to scholars from all backgrounds and
organizations. Still, the statistics do not fully reflect the extent of author cooperation.
The large number of publications by different authors underscores the indispensable need
for collaborative study in this discipline.
Analyzing these writers’ publishing patterns shows a consistent annual increase in the
number of works reflecting growing research on energy, security, and diplomacy.
Examining the research subjects closely reveals numerous important areas, including (a)
climate change and energy security and (b) the part energy technology plays in
guaranteeing energy security. Also noted as major players in energy security are non-
governmental entities. Furthermore, this paper discusses the moral and ethical aspects
of energy security, as well as the link between diplomacy and it. Reflecting a growing
interest in energy, security, and diplomacy, as well as the development of several
important study areas, the bibliometric data overall indicate that several authors are
increasingly dominant in these fields. Using country-specific publication distribution
analyses, researchers can better understand the global research landscape, patterns in
international cooperation, national research strategies, resource allocation, and the
overall influence of research in this domain. This study helps governments, scholars, and
other interested parties make informed decisions about scientific inquiry. Completed
identification is shown in the table below.
Table 4. Distribution of Publications on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics by Country
No
COUNTRY
∑
No
COUNTRY
∑
1
United States
8
11
Finland
2
2
India
7
12
Germany
2
3
United Kingdom
7
13
Greece
2
4
China
6
14
Iran
2
5
Kazakhstan
5
15
Japan
2
6
Czech Republic
4
16
Qatar
2
7
Pakistan
4
17
Russian Federation
2
8
Turkey
4
18
Saudi Arabia
2
9
Australia
3
19
Singapore
2
10
Italy
3
20
Switzerland
2
The table above compiles the number of publications on diplomacy and energy security
from many nations. According to the statistics, publications on energy security and
diplomacy indicate that Western countries—including the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Germany—hold a more prominent position than other nations. This implies
that these countries might be leaders in policy and research. Furthermore, major
contributors to this issue include developing and emerging economies such as India,
China, and Kazakhstan. This trend shows growing participation of poor countries in
research and policy on energy security and diplomacy. Although several countries
dominate this field, the statistics also show that many other countries publish on this
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 17, Nº. 1
May 2026, pp. 265-284
Regional Cooperation, Energy Diplomacy, and Geopolitical Dynamics of Fossil Fuels:
Bibliometric Trends in Energy Security
Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
274
topic in line with world interest in diplomacy research and energy security. Various factors
affect the publication's dissemination on this issue worldwide. For countries dependent
on imports, where maintaining diplomatic relations and energy supply becomes even
more critical, energy security is extremely vital. This dependence could inspire more field-
based research and publication activity.
Publication variations also depend much on research capacity; nations with strong
research budgets and modern infrastructure usually generate more papers on diplomacy
and energy security. Government initiatives supporting energy security, diplomatic
research, and publishing will help boost the number of publications from many nations.
Moreover, international cooperation in diplomatic research and energy security can
increase the general quality of national publications. For researchers, librarians,
legislators, and others curious in the research scene, measuring research impact,
spotting trends, assessing research policies, and contrasting institutional performance,
citation analysis grounded in published sources is a useful tool:
Table 5. Distribution of Publications on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics by Source
No
SOURCE TITLE
∑
1
Central Asia And The Caucasus
5
2
Energy Policy
5
3
Geopolitics Of Energy
3
4
Asia Europe Journal
2
5
Asia Pacific Review
2
6
India Quarterly
2
7
International Journal Of Energy Economics And Policy
2
8
Journal Of Contemporary China
2
9
Resources Policy
2
10
Romanian Journal Of European Affairs
2
11
Asian Perspective
1
12
Asian Studies Review
1
13
Australian Journal Of International Affairs
1
14
Balkan Social Science Review
1
15
Baltic Region
1
16
Canadian Foreign Policy Journal
1
17
China Perspectives
1
18
China Review
1
19
Chinese Journal Of Population Resources And Environment
1
20
Climate Policy
1
The table shows the number of papers on diplomacy and energy security published in
different academic journals. With five apiece, Central Asia and the Caucasus have the
most publications of all. Geopolitics of Energy has a moderate count of publications—
three—while Asia Europe Journal and Asia Pacific Review have two. With two each, India
Quarterly, International Journal of Energy Economics, Journal of Contemporary China,
Resources Policy, and Romanian Journal of European Affairs show fewer publications;
Asian Perspective and Asian Studies Review show one each. According to the data,
regional and specialized journals such as Central Asia and the Caucasus, Energy Policy,
and Geopolitics of Energy, publish most papers on energy security and diplomacy. This
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Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
275
suggests that researchers from particular areas and disciplines are especially interested
in this issue.
Furthermore, the results reveal that many publications on energy security and diplomacy
exist in general and multidisciplinary journals such as the Asia-Europe Journal, Asia-
Pacific Review, and India Quarterly, stressing the relevance of this topic across several
academic and policy spheres. Although some publications are the best venues for this
kind of study, the data also show that many other publications contribute to the growing
body of work in this field. This broad and varied attention from researchers worldwide is
evident in their distribution. Academic publications feature issues of energy security and
diplomacy, depending on several elements. Leading academics and more publications in
these fields are attracted by prestigious research and policy magazines. Specialized or
multidisciplinary publications, meanwhile, give professionals from many disciplines a
forum to investigate linked problems. Furthermore, editorial policy influences which
papers are approved and published, including research approaches and thematic focus.
Furthermore, open-access publications expand readership and encourage more scholarly
participation, and they are included in important academic databases.
Table 6. Journal Title Based Distribution of Publications on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics
Authors
Title
Year
Source title
Cited
by
Author Keywords
Hache E.
Do renewable
energies improve
energy security in the
long run?
2018
International
Economics
86
Critical materials; Energy
security; Energy
technology; Energy
transition; Patents
Odgaard O.;
Delman J.
China's energy
security and its
challenges towards
2035
2014
Energy Policy
72
China; Energy security of
supply; Regional conflict
potentials
Zhao S.
China's global search
for energy security:
Cooperation and
competition in Asia-
Pacific
2008
Journal of
Contemporary
China
68
Holmes J.;
Yoshihara T.
China's naval
ambitions in the
Indian Ocean
2008
Journal of
Strategic
Studies
57
China; Energy Security;
Indian Ocean; Maritime
Strategy; Soft Power
Lall M.
Indo-Myanmar
relations in the era of
pipeline diplomacy
2006
Contemporary
Southeast Asia
48
Geopolitics of energy;
India; India’s new
foreign policy; India’s
Northeast; Myanmar;
Myanmar gas reserves;
Pipeline diplomacy
Vatansever
A.
Is Russia building too
many pipelines?
Explaining Russia's oil
and gas export
strategy
2017
Energy Policy
47
Energy security; Natural
gas exports; Oil exports;
Pipelines; Russian
energy policy; Transit
Aalto P.;
Korkmaz
Temel D.
European energy
security: Natural gas
and the integration
process
2014
Journal of
Common
Market Studies
47
Bahgat G.
Pipeline diplomacy:
The geopolitics of the
Caspian Sea region
2002
International
Studies
Perspectives
45
Caspian Sea; Crude oil;
Natural gas
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Aalto P.
Energy market
integration and
regional institutions in
east Asia
2014
Energy Policy
31
ASEAN; Energy;
Institutions; Market;
North east asia; South
east asia
Gholz E.;
Awan U.;
Ron E.
Financial and energy
security analysis of
China's loan-for-oil
deals
2017
Energy
Research and
Social Science
30
China; Diplomacy;
Energy security; Loan-
for-oil deals; Oil finance
Stern J.
Natural gas security
problems in Europe:
The Russian–Ukrainian
crisis of 2006
2006
Asia-Pacific
Review
27
Conker A.;
Hussein H.
Hydraulic mission at
home, hydraulic
mission abroad?
Examining Turkey's
regional 'Pax-
Aquarum' and its
limits
2019
Sustainability
(Switzerland)
26
Hydraulic mission;
Middle East; Turkey;
Water conflict; Water
diplomacy
Cheng J.
A Chinese view of
China's energy
security
2008
Journal of
Contemporary
China
25
Szulecki K.;
Overland I.
Russian nuclear
energy diplomacy and
its implications for
energy security in the
context of the war in
Ukraine
2023
Nature Energy
22
Prontera A.
The new politics of
energy security and
the rise of the
catalytic state in
southern Europe
2018
Journal of
Public Policy
19
catalytic state; energy
diplomacy; energy
security; European
Union; gas market;
regulatory state
Bird T;
Hommel D
The trans-political
nature of Southwest
China’s energy
conduit, Yunnan
Province
2016
Geopolitics
17
Hancock L.;
Wollersheim
L.
Eu carbon diplomacy:
Assessing hydrogen
security and policy
impact in australia
and germany
2021
Energies
14
Australia; Carbon
diplomacy; Energy
policy; Energy security;
EU; EU CBAM; Germany;
Hydrogen; Regulation
Cheng J.Y.S.
China’s relations with
the gulf cooperation
council states:
Multilevel diplomacy in
a divided Arab world
2016
China Review
14
Zhiznin S.Z.;
Timokhov
V.M.
Economic and
geopolitical aspects of
the nord Stream 2
GAS pipeline
2019
Baltic Region
14
Energy security; Gas
pipeline; Geopolitical and
economic factors; Nord
Stream 1; Nord Stream
2; NS 1; NS 2; Third
energy package
Furthermore, the data show a significant upward trend in publications on energy security
and diplomacy over the years. This implies that legislators and academics still find the
field increasingly attractive. Although there are now more publications overall, yearly
variations are clear. Changes in research interests, funding availability, and significant
worldwide events that influence diplomacy and energy security help explain several
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Simon Sumanjoyo Hutagalung, Hasbi Sidik, Moh. Nizar, Gita Karisma, Nibras Fadhillah
277
factors driving these developments. Driven by the ongoing global energy crisis, rising
geopolitical tensions, and the rapid transition to renewable energy, publications are
expected to increase significantly in 2023. Most publications from 2018 and 2019 indicate
a pivotal period for research and policy debates on energy security and diplomacy.
Furthermore, notable years such as 2014, 2016, and 2022 are critical, significantly
increasing the overall volume of publications in this sector. Over the years, scholars have
regularly investigated energy security and diplomacy, thereby highlighting the rich
historical backdrop and ongoing growth of this topic.
Three particularly highly referenced books in energy security and diplomacy should also
be mentioned: "Do renewable energies increase long-term energy security?" (2018) with
86 references, "Chinese energy security and 2035 problems" (Odgaard & Delman, 2014)
cited 72 times, and "China's global energy security quest: Asia-Pacific cooperation and
competition" by Zhao (2008) with 68 references. The chart highlights several strong
keywords; "energy security" is the main theme and appears in most of the articles.
Reflecting China's major influence on the world energy scene, many of these works
concentrate on its energy security. Globally, political dynamics shape energy security. In
bibliometric research, a major technique is the study of publication distribution based on
keyword frequency. This method clarifies the study terrain inside a scientific field, tracks
research trends, and points out common research themes. The following list shows the
discovered subjects:
Table 7. Distribution of Keywords on Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics
No
Keyword
occ
total link
strength
No
Keyword
occ
total link
strength
1
Asia
5
25
13
Eurasia
5
25
2
central asia
5
15
14
european union
8
33
3
China
15
35
15
foreign policy
8
27
4
Diplomacy
8
20
16
Geopolitics
12
39
5
diplomatic relations
9
38
17
India
6
23
6
Energy
10
36
18
international relations
6
19
7
energy diplomacy
11
20
19
middle east
5
20
8
energy market
6
28
20
natural gas
8
32
9
energy planning
7
27
21
pipeline diplomacy
6
15
10
energy policy
14
53
22
russian federation
5
18
11
energy resource
8
32
23
strategic approach
5
22
12
energy security
37
88
The term "energy security" is most often used and has the strongest network of links,
underscoring its importance in the study of energy security and diplomacy. Reflecting its
major influence in scholarly debate on these subjects, "China" also ranks highly in both
frequency and strength of linkage. With strong link strength, the word "Geopolitics"
underscores its indispensable relevance to the study of diplomacy and energy security.
Energy security, China, and geopolitics interact to show that China's energy security is
closely linked to global geopolitical trends. Studies in this field address energy markets,
energy planning, energy diplomacy, pipeline diplomacy, foreign policy, the Russian
Federation, the Middle East, India, the European Union, Eurasia, and Central Asia.
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Energy security and diplomacy topic network visualizations
In bibliometric research, the study of publication distribution with network visualization
serves numerous significant purposes. Network visualization facilitates the identification
of important scientific field study subjects. Usually, when representing these subjects,
large, densely connected nodes help researchers identify emerging research trends and
grasp the primary areas of concentration in their field. Furthermore, network visualization
helps clarify links across several research subjects. Thick and frequent lines—edges—
connect closely related subjects so that scholars may investigate the links among several
spheres of research and find multidisciplinary research prospects.
Figure 1. Publication on energy security and diplomacy network visualization
The bibliometric data network visualization above helps us identify patterns and gaps in
the literature on diplomacy and energy security. Several important conclusions of the
trend analysis are: (a) the dynamics of China's partnerships and their consequences for
energy security receive much attention. A clear cluster in the middle of the graphic links
the phrase "China" with several facets of energy security, including "energy policy,"
"energy diplomacy," and "energy security." This link indicates a critical area of research.
(b) A noteworthy cluster at the top of the figure links the keyword "natural gas" to other
subjects, including "energy markets," "geopolitics," and "energy policy," suggesting that
natural gas is increasingly recognized as a major energy source and a central theme in
energy security studies. (c) The clusters at the bottom of the figure link the term "energy
infrastructure" with related subjects, including "pipelines," "investment," and "energy
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279
security." This indicates that energy infrastructure, such as pipelines and power grids,
plays a crucial role in energy security and is a main area of study. The image clearly
shows the link between geopolitics and energy security: "geopolitics" is connected to
several energy-related security issues, therefore underlining their relevance in this field.
The visualization also reveals several smaller clusters that point to emerging research
topics, including "energy transition," "sustainability," and "multi-stakeholder energy
diplomacy." This indicates that fields of energy security and diplomacy are changing and
combining important new themes. Furthermore, the visualization highlights gaps,
suggesting that research on energy security is largely focused on particular domains.
Visualization analysis with overlay overlays
In bibliometric research, one key strategy is to study publication distribution using
overlay visualization. Based on elements such as publication year, author's country,
journal, keywords, and institution, this approach uses visual tools to show patterns and
links among scientific publications. In a scientific study, overlay analysis enables
investigators to identify temporal trends. Through analysis of annual publication
distribution, scientists can identify patterns in the popularity of various study domains,
highlighting both increases and decreases.
Using bibliometric data visualizations of relevant publications, this paper investigates the
evolution of the topics of energy security and diplomacy over time. a). Reflecting a
growing interest among researchers and stakeholders in this field, the visualization shows
a steady year-over-year increase in the number of publications on energy security and
diplomacy. b). It also highlights a shift in emphasis over time from diplomacy to energy
security. At first, conventional geopolitical and energy security concerns—especially
regarding natural gas and oil—were of primary importance. Topics such as the energy
transition, sustainability, and multi-stakeholder energy diplomacy have recently
attracted significant attention. The evolution of the subject over time exposes the
following: (a). 2010–2014 is the timeframe. At this time, conventional geopolitical and
energy security concerns dominated attention. The image shows that topics such as
energy geopolitics, energy security, and oil appear in lighter colors, suggesting they were
published more frequently throughout this period. (b). Timescale: 2015–2019. This era
brought increasing focus on sustainability and energy transition. Lighter colors indicate
the growing presence of topics such as the energy transition, sustainability, and
renewable energy in publications over this period. {c}. 2020–present is the current
timeframe. Multi-party energy diplomacy and international cooperation have taken
center stage. Based on their lighter hues, the picture shows that issues such as
"multiparty energy diplomacy," "international cooperation," and "global energy
governance" have been progressively highlighted in publications during this period.
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280
Figure 2. Overlay Visualization of publications on diplomatic and energy security issues.
Over time, several elements can affect the evolution of issues and trends in publications
on energy security and diplomacy. First, the shift toward renewable energy sources,
rising energy demand in developing countries, and the consequences of climate change
are driving major changes in the global energy landscape. This development underscores
the need for sustainability, energy transition, and collective energy diplomacy. Second,
the study's focus on energy security and diplomacy might be affected by geopolitical
concerns, regional disputes, and global economic crises. Third, new research
opportunities in this field are created by technological advances in the energy sector,
including renewable energy and energy storage. Finally, an emphasis on sustainability
and energy justice is resulting from expanding knowledge of the social and environmental
effects of energy. Through an overlay visualization of bibliometric data, one can
understand the trends and evolution of issues in publications on energy security and
diplomacy over time. Influenced by changes in the global energy landscape, international
political and economic developments, technological innovations, and shifting societal
norms and values, this study shows a pattern of increasing publication numbers and a
shift in topic focus.
Analysis of Density Visualization
In bibliometric research, the application of density visualization in publication distribution
analysis serves various significant goals. This approach enables scientists to identify
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281
important study subjects within a given field. This method helps academics to focus on
the most important and relevant subjects for their work.
The bibliometric data visualization picture on diplomacy and energy security offers a
density and subject trend analysis. () a). The relationship between China and energy
security is a major topic of research; the figure's central cluster links the term "China"
with many dimensions of energy security, including "energy policy," "energy diplomacy,"
and "energy security." The acknowledgement of natural gas as a major energy source
and a vital topic in energy security research is expanding. A noteworthy cluster at the
top of the image links the keyword "natural gas" to numerous other topics, including
"energy markets, " "geopolitics," and "energy policy." Energy infrastructure, including
pipes and power grids, is vital for energy security and a main focus of research; the
clusters shown at the bottom of the figure link the term "energy infrastructure" to several
related topics, including "pipelines,," "investment,” and "energy security. {d}. The
visualization highlights the links between the term "geopolitics" and several issues
connected to energy security, therefore illustrating the interaction between energy
security and geopolitics. This underscores the importance of geopolitics and energy
security in studies of the topic, as they are closely intertwined. E) as well. The
visualization reveals several small clusters suggestive of emerging research topics,
including "energy transition, sustainability, and multi-stakeholder energy diplomacy,"
indicating that the fields of energy security and diplomacy are evolving and encompassing
major new subjects.
Figure 3. Density Visualization of Energy Security and Diplomacy Topics Publications
Among the most frequently discussed subjects in the literature on energy security and
diplomacy are "China," "natural gas," "energy infrastructure," "geopolitics," and "energy
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282
policy," as emphasized here by the graphic. Topics such as "energy transition,"
"sustainability," "multi-party energy diplomacy," "Africa," "Latin America," and "South
Asia" show lower density, indicating they are not discussed as extensively in this context.
Bibliometric data visualizations offer insightful analysis of trends and the topic density in
papers on diplomacy and energy security. This study highlights important issues,
including China's energy security and relations, the significance of natural gas, and the
need for energy infrastructure. Less often discussed are topics such as the energy
transition, sustainability, and multi-stakeholder energy diplomacy. These topics should
be the main focus of future studies to help us better grasp diplomatic difficulties and
energy security.
Conclusion
This bibliometric analysis demonstrates three key findings. First, research on energy
security and diplomacy has increasingly emphasized regional cooperation frameworks,
highlighting the importance of institutional integration, cross-border infrastructure, and
coordinated energy markets in enhancing resilience. Second, the literature reveals a
gradual shift from state-centered energy governance toward more inclusive models that
recognize the growing influence of non-state actors, including private firms, international
organizations, and civil society. Third, while fossil fuel geopolitics remains a dominant
theme, recent studies show a clear expansion toward renewable energy, energy
transition, and sustainability-oriented diplomacy. By systematically linking publication
trends, thematic clusters, and keyword dynamics, this study contributes to a clearer
understanding of how energy diplomacy research has evolved over time. The findings
provide not only a structured overview of the research landscape but also insights that
can inform policymakers and scholars seeking to navigate the complex intersection of
energy security, diplomacy, and global governance. Recent developments imply that
reaching sustainability and energy security depends on these models. The results are
especially significant, as they could influence international energy policies and prompt
legislators to focus more on regional synergies to enhance the resilience of the global
energy system. Notably, there is also a change in the roles of state and non-state actors
in energy diplomacy. The results reveal a notable shift in the roles that both state and
non-state players play in energy diplomacy. Though state actors remain essential, the
growing participation of non-state actors—private energy firms, international
organizations, and civil society groups—is reshaping energy governance. Indicating a
shift toward a more inclusive and cooperative framework, multilateral cooperation and
private-sector initiatives are increasingly significant in shaping energy diplomacy.
Globally, this transition has significant consequences that might affect the balance of
power in energy governance and encourage creative ideas by including several players.
Furthermore, current studies investigate the geopolitical dynamics of fossil fuels. These
factors are driving the global energy transition, demonstrating that although fossil fuels
still play a major role, there is a clear trend toward diversifying energy sources and
reducing reliance on them.
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