OBSERVARE

Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier

Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026

382

GOVERNANCE AND REFORM IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: KEY CHALLENGES

AND PERSPECTIVES

NATALIIA VERESNIUK

N.Veresniuk@ujis.in.ua

MD, Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Associate Professor of the Department of Obstetrics,

Gynecology and Perinatology Faculty of Postgraduate Education Danylo Halytsky Lviv National

Medical University Lviv Perinatal Center

Lviv (Ukraine) http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-7105

DMYTRO LAVRENTII

PhD, Doctoral Candidate Educational and Scientific at the Institute of Public

Administration and Civil Service Kyiv National University named after T. Shevchenko

Kyiv (Ukraine), Department of Management and Public Administration Chernihiv Institute

of Information, Business and Law Chernihiv (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3414-6705

GRYGORII MONASTYRSKYI

grymon@ukr.net

Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Management, Public Administration

and Personnel Faculty of Economics and Management West Ukrainian National University

Ternopil (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6694-1960

YAROSLAV DEMCHYSHYN

yardemchyshyn@gmail.com

PhD Student at the Department of Management, Public Administration and Personnel

Faculty of Economics and Management West Ukrainian National University Ternopil,

Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases National Pirogov Memorial Medical University

Vinnytsya (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-8260

YANA LEVYTSKA

yanalevytska5@gmail.com

PhD, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Administrative and Financial Management

Institute of Public Administration, Governance and Professional Development

Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7133-7602

Abstract

Modern transformations of the system of socio-economic relations necessitate the

reformatting of management models, the actualization of the role of publicity and ensuring

transparency and accessibility of information. These processes are of particular importance in

the medical industry. The purpose of the research is an extended analysis of key modern

aspects of public administration in the healthcare sector in the context of popular reforms and

current challenges. The research considers the main achievements of the upgrade of

management strategies in the studied industry, identifies priority problems of the

transformation process and related challenges for the public administration system. Practical

cases of the dynamics of management approaches in the healthcare sector of developed

countries have been analyzed; basic legal and organizational aspects have been identified

that can serve as the basis for the formation of effective management strategies for the

development of the industry. The impact of digitalization of management processes on

management processes has been studied; the most important reforms in the industry have

been outlined, including the introduction of innovative electronic systems and technologies to

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

383

optimize the medical system. The main security challenges for the healthcare system in the

information environment have been noted, in particular, the protection of confidential data,

the prevention of unauthorized access, and the integrity of information resources. The main

areas of future reforms in the industry have been highlighted, which will allow achieving

greater efficiency of public administration: improving the quality of medical care, ensuring

sufficient funding, improving sectoral legislation and harmonizing standards with European

requirements.

Keywords

Healthcare system, public administration, state management, efficiency, health protection

policy.

Resumo

As transformações modernas do sistema de relações socioeconómicas exigem a reformulação

dos modelos de gestão, a atualização do papel da publicidade e a garantia da transparência

e acessibilidade da informação. Estes processos são de particular importância na indústria

médica. O objetivo da investigação é uma análise aprofundada dos principais aspetos

modernos da administração pública no setor da saúde, no contexto das reformas populares e

dos desafios atuais. A pesquisa considera as principais conquistas da atualização das

estratégias de gestão na indústria estudada, identifica os problemas prioritários do processo

de transformação e os desafios relacionados para o sistema de administração pública. Foram

analisados casos práticos da dinâmica das abordagens de gestão no setor de saúde de países

desenvolvidos; foram identificados aspectos jurídicos e organizacionais básicos que podem

servir de base para a formação de estratégias de gestão eficazes para o desenvolvimento da

indústria. O impacto da digitalização dos processos de gestão nos processos de gestão foi

estudado; as reformas mais importantes no setor foram delineadas, incluindo a introdução de

sistemas e tecnologias eletrónicas inovadoras para otimizar o sistema médico. Os principais

desafios de segurança para o sistema de saúde no ambiente da informação foram observados,

em particular, a proteção de dados confidenciais, a prevenção de acesso não autorizado e a

integridade dos recursos de informação. Foram destacadas as principais áreas de reformas

futuras no setor, que permitirão alcançar uma maior eficiência da administração pública:

melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados médicos, garantir financiamento suficiente, melhorar a

legislação setorial e harmonizar as normas com os requisitos europeus.

Palavras-chave

Sistema de saúde, administração pública, gestão estatal, eficiência, política de proteção da

saúde.

How to cite this article

Veresniuk,Nataliia, Lavrentii, Dmytro, Monastyrskyi, Grygorii, Demchyshyn Yaroslav & Levytska,

Yana (2026). Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives.

Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and

Institutional Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges, VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3, March

2026, pp. 382-391. https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.DT0226.20

Article submitted on 30 November 2025 and accepted for publication on 09 January

2026.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

384

GOVERNANCE AND REFORM IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: KEY

CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES

NATALIIA VERESNIUK

DMYTRO LAVRENTII

GRYGORII MONASTYRSKYI

YAROSLAV DEMCHYSHYN

YANA LEVYTSKA

Introduction

Within the framework of modern trends in socio-economic development, the healthcare

sector is a priority area for the transformation of management processes. All aspects of

regulation are undergoing changes – from the ideological basis of the provision of medical

services to financial, economic and market mechanisms.

The problematic aspects of modern concepts of public administration in the field of health

care are reflected in scientific discourse in a multidisciplinary context. Numerous

scientists (Wang et al., 2023; Zeeshan et al., 2020) devote scientific investigations to

the study of opportunities for optimizing medical management against the background

of digitalization and the dynamics of views on management functionality, as well as

practical cases related to their implementation. The publications of Madan and Ashok

(2023), Simonet (2014) update the goals, means and transformed communication

between participants in the process of providing medical services. The authors emphasize

the principles of humanism and anthropocentrism, as well as the right of autonomy in

decision-making by the consumer of services.

Among the key achievements of medical reform, it is necessary to highlight the growth

of the share of private practice, optimization of financing and logistics of patients between

individual medical sectors. At the same time, a number of issues regarding the effective

management of healthcare institutions in the context of digitalization, guarantees of

inclusivity, and accessibility of medical services remain insufficiently researched and still

need to be resolved. Effective use of resource potential, increasing the efficiency of its

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

385

implementation in the area under study, can be achieved under the condition of effective

sectoral public administration.

The purpose of the research is an extended analysis of key contemporary aspects of

public administration in the healthcare sector in the context of popular reforms and

current challenges.

Literature Review

Scientists who developed a system of analytics and evaluation of healthcare functions

(Androniceanu, 2021; Buljac-Samardzic et al., 2020; Clausen et al., 2020), investigated

the potential for effective personnel policy in the studied area (Hasselgren et al., 2020;

Henman, 2020; Lucifora, 2023), and emphasized the significance of supporting the

competitive advantages of medical institutions (Petrigna & Musumeci, 2022; Reina &

Scarozza, 2020). The authors identified the influence of the state on the development of

individual segments in the healthcare sector and emphasized the need for an effective

system for protecting patient rights.

The possibilities of adapting modern digital transformation tools in the healthcare sector

were investigated by Khatoon (2020), Klochan et al. (2021); the scholars found that

modern medical support platforms and electronic document management should function

as a single hub for all areas of services, which will optimize time resources, reduce

corruption risks, and allow for better results in the functioning of the medical system.

Individual elements of public governance in the industry are considered in the study by

Chen et al. (2020), Klenk and Reiter (2019), Kraus et al. (2021), where the authors

emphasize the need to guarantee citizens’ medical rights in the process of transforming

the healthcare sector, and also promote narratives of unification of standards as the basis

for sustainable and inclusive social development.

Ahn and Chen (2022), MacLean and Titah (2022) identified specific prerequisites for the

effectiveness of sectoral management in the area under study, including the availability

of resources and the willingness of participants in the process of providing medical

services to upgrade the traditional system.

The results of the scientific studies of the mentioned authors do not allow achieving

comprehensiveness and systematicity in the formation of concepts of public

administration in the field of health care, which actualizes the need for further

examination of various aspects of this issue.

Methods

The methodological and theoretical basis of the research was formed taking into account

the priority principles of implementing systemic studies, based on a comprehensive

approach. Many theoretical research techniques were employed to completely reveal the

problems, including abstract logical and comparative analysis, abstraction, induction, and

deduction, as well as methods of specification and formalization, among others.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

386

Methods of abstract logical analysis, as well as synthesis, were used to identify the most

significant aspects and basic concepts of the phenomenon under study. The dialectical

method, comparison and generalization were utilized to detail the system of definitions,

identify basic categories and theoretical generalizations, and form a concept of a holistic

process of public administration in the medical field. Comparative analysis was used to

identify the stages and factors of development of the public administration system in the

studied field. The inductive method was applied to predict development indicators. The

deductive method was used to develop proposals for optimizing management processes

in the medical field.

The specification method was used to measure the feasibility of updating and upgrading

the role of public governance in implementing medical reforms. Along with this, with the

help of the specification, optimal solutions and necessary prerequisites for optimizing the

medical management system and mitigating related risks were identified.

The formalization method was used to identify key vectors for improving the public

administration system in the health services sector in synergy with the conceptual

principles of sustainable development, as well as to develop directions for the practical

implementation of the results obtained in sectoral public administration, structuring the

principles, priorities and functionality of the research object.

Results and Discussion

The need to optimize state administrative policy in the field of health care is due to the

lack of a single strategy and the inconsistency of generally accepted global requirements

for the quality of medical services with practical realities. State management in the field

is primarily responsible for planning, organizing and monitoring the provision of medical

services, conducting effective personnel policy, and integrating modern digital tools and

information systems. The necessary conditions in this regard are depoliticization,

partnership between the state and the public, prioritization of consumer interests and a

focus on continuous improvement of the quality of services.

The practical experience of developed countries makes it possible to identify the

advantages and disadvantages of the most representative models of healthcare system

management. In particular, in Japan, the influence of local authorities prevails, and the

characteristic features of management are strict control over the quality of services and

large-scale state financing. At the same time, in the United States, the rapid development

of private health insurance has caused financial imbalances in the healthcare system.

In German practice, public administration is focused on ensuring the accessibility and

quality of medical services, the active implementation of innovations and personnel

policy. The experience of Great Britain is considered representative, where the key

principles of sectoral public management are the accessibility of medical services and

effective resource allocation. France, which occupies a leading position in the World

Health Organization’s ranking of health care management, ensures universal coverage of

the population with medical services and focuses its efforts on maximum patient

satisfaction, combining public and private practice. In general, the management systems

of the studied industry in countries with a high level of socio-economic development are

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

387

characterized by the dominance of private practice and state guarantees of a minimum

package of medical care.

For developing countries, general market approaches to the formation of a package of

medical services remain a priority, which actualizes the mechanisms of public-private

partnership (PPP) to protect vulnerable social groups and meet the needs of the

population with a high level of socio-economic well-being. Today, it is obvious that PPP

projects in the medical sector make it possible to significantly improve the quality of

services and expand their range, integrate international quality standards, and guarantee

the availability of medical care.

Integrating efficient digital systems and cutting-edge artificial intelligence capabilities is

another crucial strategy for changing public administration in the healthcare industry.

The creation of electronic document management systems and the formation of a

national observatory of human resources will allow not only to effectively collect,

accumulate and process informative data, but also to provide a system for supporting

management decision-making (Ansell & Miura, 2020; Farouk et al., 2020).

The creation of a digitalized register of medical specialists, the prolongation of education

and training of doctors, and cooperation with international organizations will allow for a

gradual transition to an optimal system of medical staff ratio in the health care system.

The main areas of influence of innovative technologies on public administration processes

in the health care sector are specified in Table 1.

Table 1. Digitalization of public administration in the field of healthcare

Source: developed by the author

An important aspect of management is ensuring the reliability, timeliness and

transparency of information provided to participants in the healthcare system. A modern

electronic health system (e-Health) makes it possible to unite all stakeholders in the

healthcare system, forming a single central management mechanism that ensures

effective collection and consolidation of clinical data, access to medical services, digital

prescriptions, electronic medical records, online consultations, etc. (Brunetti et al.,

2020). The key challenges of the process are seen as the complexity of standardizing

and unifying medical documentation in different organizations; the need to support

Vector

Practical tools

Unified digital solutions – Electronic

healthcare system

– creation of unified electronic patient databases;

– introduction of electronic declarations;

– electronic prescriptions and referrals;

– backup, cloud storage;

– medical records and reports

HR policy

– digital recruiting;

– staff upskilling;

– digital management systems

Privacy protection

– multi-level authentication;

– verification of medicines;

– personal data protection systems

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

388

cybersecurity and guarantee privacy protection; and the resistance of participants in the

process of providing medical services to innovations.

Public governance in the area under study includes the functioning of central and regional

bodies, which are tasked with forming sectoral state policy and ensuring its

implementation in a certain territory. At the central level, the process of forming sectoral

state policy, adopting regulations, establishing financing and other functions defined by

current legislation takes place (Scupola & Mergel, 2022). At the same time, at the

regional level, the organization and provision of medical services takes place, which

includes primary, specialized and emergency care, preventive measures, licensing, as

well as other types of services.

Most modern researchers, including Mergel et al. (2021), Paul et al. (2023), see one of

the most effective means of optimizing the healthcare sector as the active use of

digitalization tools in the public administration system. Time constraints, resource

support, and staff qualifications often act as determining factors for the level of quality

of digitalization, and therefore, only a small number of healthcare institutions are

currently actively integrating technological and managerial innovations. The features of

the further development of the technical architecture of the electronic health care system

within public administration should include adaptability and flexibility, service orientation,

and inclusive development of information and communication tools intended for different

categories of users.

Public governance in the health sector is actively expanding its scope of operation,

becoming an effective tool for providing the population with high-quality and affordable

medical services. The formation of a modern management paradigm in the industry

should include strategic management mechanisms, psychological and socio-economic

methods of influence, which, in synergy, increase the quality and accessibility of medical

services. The transformation of the studied branch of public administration can take place

more intensively if successful practices of developed countries are involved, global trends

in solving personnel problems are taken into account, as well as intra-system problems.

It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of public control over the legality and

effectiveness of administrative activities. Guarantees of transparency and publicity in the

medical sector should be provided, including by public organizations and their

associations, which will contribute to greater involvement of citizens in administrative

processes. The state should provide the appropriate prerequisites: stimulate the activities

of local public councils, conduct information and educational activities. At the same time,

it is worth noting that control by state bodies and public organizations should be carried

out while maintaining the vertical of management.

Based on the above, it is possible to predict an increase in the influence of public

administration on the quality and accessibility of a wide range of medical services,

including through the implementation of digital optimization solutions. The key strategic

objectives for improving public administration in the area under study should be:

1) the pursuit of a “healthy” state policy, which involves ensuring a clear political

orientation towards preserving and strengthening the health of society, guarantees of

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

389

unhindered and equal access of different social categories to high-quality and timely

medical care;

2) combating adverse environmental conditions and implementing the principles of

corporate social responsibility;

3) focusing efforts on overcoming the gap in the provision of medical care across social

classes, overcoming or minimizing inequality;

4) positioning the population as the country’s main capital, providing practical support

for its harmonious development;

5) reorienting the healthcare sector towards preventive medicine, integrating the

concepts of health preservation and prevention policy;

6) positioning the nation's health as basic social capital.

Conclusions

As the results of the study show, public administration in the healthcare sector is assigned

one of the main roles in national policy. The efforts of public administration in the medical

sector should be aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of medical services for

all segments of society. The actualization of openness and publicity factors plays a

significant role in strengthening the position of health care institutions, optimizing social

communications, and increasing public involvement.

The introduction of cutting-edge electronic systems and technologies to optimize the

medical system is one of the most significant industry reforms. However, this comes with

security challenges for the healthcare system in the information environment (protection

of confidential data, prevention of unauthorized access, and ensuring the integrity of

information resources). The introduction of effective information systems and innovative

capabilities of digitalization and artificial intelligence, the creation of electronic document

management systems, and the formation of a national human resources observatory

allow not only to effectively collect, accumulate and process informative data, but also

to provide a system to support management decision-making. The development of a

digitalized register of industry specialists, the extension of education and training of

doctors, and cooperation with international organizations will allow for a gradual

transition to an optimal system of medical staff ratios in the health care system.

The research demonstrates that PPP projects in the healthcare industry enable

substantial service quality optimization and expansion, integration of worldwide quality

standards, and assurance of medical care accessibility. The synergy of a professional

approach and stable principles of implementing the strategic goals of healthcare reform,

proper control by the state and society will increase the efficiency of public administration

in the healthcare sector.

Promising scientific developments on the topic of the current research should be aimed

at finding ways to improve and update state management policy in the field of healthcare,

in accordance with the challenges of digital transformation.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

Nataliia Veresniuk, Dmytro Lavrentii, Grygorii Monastyrskyi, Yaroslav Demchyshyn,

Yana Levytska

390

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Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 382-391

Governance and Reform in the Healthcare System: Key Challenges and Perspectives

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Yana Levytska

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