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Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier

Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026

258

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE

BIOENERGY SECTOR’S DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL

TRANSFORMATIONS

IAROSLAV IANUSHEVYCH

iaroslav070278@gmail.com

PhD (Economic Sci.), Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of

Finance, Banking and Insurance Educational and Scientific Institute of Management, Economics

and Finance Private Joint-Stock Company "Higher Education Institution "Interregional Academy of

Personnel Management" Kyiv (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0798-7114

OLEG HUBANOV

gubanof@ukr.net

Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Service and Medical Law

Educational and Scientific Institute of Law Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

Kyiv (Ukraine) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5427-1821

Abstract

The relevance of the study is due to the need to transform Ukraine’s energy policy in the

context of war, global climate challenges and the need for integration into the European

energy space. Bioenergy is emerging as a strategic direction for ensuring energy

independence, decarbonization of the economy and sustainable development of regions. The

purpose of the study is to identify the institutional and regulatory features of public

administration in the field of bioenergy in Ukraine in the context of globalization processes.

The study uses a systematic, institutional, comparative, analytical and content analysis of

legal acts and scientific sources, which ensures a comprehensive approach to assessing the

state and trends of the industry. The study found that the Ukrainian model of public

administration in the field of bioenergy is in the process of transition from fragmented

regulatory support to a systemic policy based on EU standards. The main aspects of legislation

harmonization with Directives (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) and (EU) 2023/2413 (RED III) are

defined, the effectiveness of the management process enhancement through decentralization

and intersectoral collaboration is described. It is justified that the creation of the multi-level

system of the public administration needs a complex of regulatory incentives, support and

digitalization of the management. The practical value of the results is in the fact that the

proposed conclusions could be adopted to revise the state strategies, form energy clusters,

enhance the regulatory framework and increase the institutional capacity of Ukraine in the

sphere of renewable energy.

Keywords

Bioenergy, public administration, renewable energy, institutional policy, regulatory

framework.

Resumo

A relevância do estudo deve-se à necessidade de transformar a política energética da Ucrânia

no contexto da guerra, dos desafios climáticos globais e da necessidade de integração no

espaço energético europeu. A bioenergia está a emergir como uma direção estratégica para

garantir a independência energética, a descarbonização da economia e o desenvolvimento

sustentável das regiões. O objetivo do estudo é identificar as características institucionais e

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

259

regulatórias da administração pública no campo da bioenergia na Ucrânia no contexto dos

processos de globalização. O estudo utiliza uma análise sistemática, institucional,

comparativa, analítica e de conteúdo de atos jurídicos e fontes científicas, o que garante uma

abordagem abrangente para avaliar o estado e as tendências da indústria. O estudo constatou

que o modelo ucraniano de administração pública no domínio da bioenergia está em processo

de transição de um apoio regulamentar fragmentado para uma política sistémica baseada nas

normas da UE. São definidos os principais aspetos da harmonização da legislação com as

Diretivas (UE) 2018/2001 (RED II) e (UE) 2023/2413 (RED III) e descrita a eficácia da

melhoria do processo de gestão através da descentralização e da colaboração intersetorial.

Justifica-se que a criação do sistema multinível da administração pública necessite de um

conjunto de incentivos regulamentares, apoio e digitalização da gestão. O valor prático dos

resultados reside no facto de as conclusões propostas poderem ser adotadas para rever as

estratégias estatais, formar clusters energéticos, melhorar o quadro regulamentar e aumentar

a capacidade institucional da Ucrânia no domínio das energias renováveis.

Palavras-chave

Bioenergia, administração pública, energias renováveis, política institucional, quadro

regulamentar.

How to cite this article

Ianushevych, Iaroslav & Hubanov, Oleg (2026). Institutional and Legal Support for State

Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development in the Context of Global Transformations.

Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and

Institutional Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges, VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3, March

2026, pp. 258-276. https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.DT0226.14

Article submitted on 05 December 2025 and accepted for publication on 04 January

2026.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

260

INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR STATE MANAGEMENT

OF THE BIOENERGY SECTOR’S DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT

OF GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS

IAROSLAV IANUSHEVYCH

OLEG HUBANOV

Introduction

The problem of energy security has become one of the most significant problems of the

era due to global climate change, energy crisis and geopolitical instability. In this sense,

bioenergy does not simply represent an alternative to fossil fuels in terms of technology,

but a perspective of state policy that is both ecological, economical and social regarding

sustainability. Specifically, bioenergy development is one of the primary components of

the European Green Deal in the European Union that is intended to reach climate

neutrality by 2050 (European Commission, 2023; Taylor et al., 2024). In the case of

Ukraine, where the country is at war, and energy restructuring is in its deep stage,

bioenergy has become a strategic instrument of energy independence strengthening,

diversification of energy supply, and development of the region (Kurbatova et al., 2023;

Pimenow et al., 2025). It is in this connection that the topicality of the issue is explained

by the fact that the current energy policy of Ukraine needs not only to be improved in

terms of technology, but a profound institutional reorganization of the public

administration. In spite of the fact that there are some strategic documents, including

the Energy Strategy of Ukraine up to 2035 and the Concept of Renewable Energy

Development, the gap between the regulations and the practice of their fulfillment exists.

European researchers note that the effectiveness of the energy transition is based on the

quality of the governance mechanisms, the degree of coordination between the state and

non-state actors, and the capability of the state to provide transparency and

sustainability in the policies (Christou et al., 2024; Proskurina & Vakkilainen, 2024;

Buzogány et al., 2023).

The scientific value of this study lies in the combination of European experience in

bioenergy management with the Ukrainian context of military and post-war development,

which allows us to identify the patterns of formation of a new model of public

administration in the field of renewable energy. The theoretical significance is determined

by the generalization of institutional and regulatory aspects of energy policy, while the

practical importance lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to improve

legislation, develop regional energy sustainability programs, and increase the efficiency

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

261

of public administration. Despite the significant volume of scientific publications, a

number of issues remain underdeveloped. In particular, mechanisms for harmonizing

Ukrainian legislation with Directives (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) and (EU) 2023/2413 (RED

III), institutional aspects of interaction between central and regional authorities, and

assessment of the effectiveness of management decisions in the context of

decentralization require a deeper analysis. The issues of biomass sustainability

certification, digitalization of management processes, and integration of scientific

developments into the public administration system also remain insufficiently researched

(Vasyliev, 2024; Kramar, 2025; Filippova & Stelmashenko, 2024).

The purpose of the study is to identify the peculiarities of institutional and regulatory

support for public administration in the field of bioenergy in Ukraine in the context of

modern globalization challenges, as well as to characterize the main directions of

adaptation of national policy to the standards of the European Union. To achieve this

goal, the following tasks have been defined: to systematize key legal acts, analyze the

institutional architecture of bioenergy management, assess the level of coherence of

Ukraine’s state policy, and recommend recommendations for improving the public

administration system in the field of bioenergy. To achieve these objectives, a structural

and functional analysis of institutional governance mechanisms, a comparative study of

the regulatory frameworks of Ukraine and the EU, as well as a generalization of statistical

and analytical materials of international organizations such as the European Commission,

the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the Energy Community Secretariat were

conducted.

Thus, the study aims to fill in the existing gaps in the national scientific debate on the

integration of bioenergy development policy into the broader context of public

administration. The scientific novelty of the work is an attempt to form a holistic concept

of public administration of bioenergy as a multilevel system that combines regulatory,

investment, and socio-environmental components. The achieved results can not only

increase the knowledge of the institutional relations in energy reforms, but also can

provide the practical principles of how to modernize the social policy on sustainable

development. Such an analytical framework could be used in the future to build on the

basis of an interdisciplinary research that would yield the models of successful public

administration in the context of energy transition and post-war recovery of Ukraine.

Literature review

The available scientific literature demonstrates increased importance of bioenergy as the

material component of the energy transition that guarantees decarbonization, energy

security and development of the region. European scientists focus on the connection

between the sustainability policy, bioeconomy, and the regulation of the bioenergy

management (Feindt et al., 2020; Buzogány et al., 2023; Proskurina & Vakkilainen,

2024; Taylor et al., 2024). They highlight the necessity to unite environmental

requirements and market tools to provide the successful elaboration of the sector within

the framework of the European Green Deal. The regulatory and institutional aspects of

governance are the subject of recent studies on alignment of national policies to EU

Directives (Vasyliev, 2024; Kramar, 2025; Christou et al., 2024; Dadi et al., 2025). Much

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

262

effort is devoted to the influence of the war in Ukraine on changing the energy policy and

shifting towards renewable sources of energy (Kurbatova et al., 2023; Ciot & Butișcă,

2025; Pimenow et al., 2025; Winkler et al., 2024). The articles have highlighted that

bioenergy is not only a part of environmental security, but also in economic recovery and

decentralization of energy provision. The connection between sustainable development

principles and environmental risk management is also critical to the governance of

bioenergy because the state policy development should address the ecological safety

principles in the context of large agricultural farms (Sumets et al., 2022). Another

important detail that researchers point to is the fact that the institutional basis of

sustainability-oriented energy management is the integration of economic and

environmental elements into the practicum of the public administration (Voronina et al.,

2024). Simultaneously, the emergence of bioenergy digital governance is also burdened

with a specific legal and informational security system that is a precondition of successful

coordination of actors of the state and the private sphere (Bondarenko et al., 2022).

Some of the authors examine the potential of biomass, biogas, and biofuels as

instruments of attaining sustainable development. The researchers add that the

effectiveness of the utilization of bioresources is conditional upon the combination of the

governance systems, technological advances, and financial opportunities (Guo et al.,

2025; Mensah et al., 2025; Sulis et al., 2025; Millinger et al., 2025). Comparative

evaluations on the EU level and the Ukrainian level indicate that the application of

European standards in the national policy needs more institutional coordination and

greater transparency of the sustainability certification processes (Filippova &

Stelmashenko, 2024; Vaskina et al., 2025; Strelkowski, 2025; Thomas, 2024). Scientists

are also interested in the international tendencies of bioenergy development involving

the integration of digitalization, efficiency in logistics, and intelligent governance.

Specifically, Baasch (2021), Balanay and Halog (2024), Daneshmandi et al. (2022)

incorporate bioenergy supply chain management models in the context of environmental

hazards, whereas Reid et al. (2020), Wu and Pfenninger (2022) examine the barriers in

introducing bioenergy to the country energy policy. Ukrainian research reveals that the

industry has a great potential to guarantee energy independence and minimize CO

emission under the conditions of regulatory stability and establishment of public-

corporate collaborations (Pryshliak et al., 2022; Kuzior et al., 2021; Filippova &

Stelmashenko, 2024; Pimenow et al., 2025).

More of the scientific literature discloses the significance of interdisciplinary approach to

the development of bioenergy that relies upon economic, environmental and social

management factors. Baasch (2021), Feindt et al. (2020), and Reid et al. (2020) highlight

that the development of bioenergy must be premised on the government regulation and

market incentives in the same proportion. The specific focus is given to the land use

conflicts and biomass in the climate policy context, which needs the creation of more

adaptable regulatory tools (Balanay and Halog, 2024; Wu & Pfenninger, 2022;

Daneshmandi et al., 2022; Sulis et al., 2025).

The necessity to introduce the digital technologies into the system of the bioenergy

industry public administration is also highlighted by the modern international analytical

reports. This will enable the optimization of the certification, emission control and

reporting processes on biomass sustainability (European Commission, 2023, 2025; EEA,

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

263

2025; Taylor et al., 2024). According to Thomas (2024), Strelkowski (2025), and

Kurbatova et al. (2023), digitalization helps in enhancing the efficiency of energy flow

management, development of transparent monitoring mechanisms, and investment

based on innovative financial instruments.

The articles by Vasyliev (2024), Filippo and Stelmashenko (2024), and Pimenow et al.

(2025) refer to the details of the legislative regulation and the impact of the state support

on the establishment of the sustainable bioenergy policy in Ukraine. The authors point

out that it is necessary to establish one coordinating body that would make sure that

there is a coherence between the national strategies and the local programs and the

European directives. Rather, Kramar (2025) and Vaskina et al. (2025) concentrate on

the technical and environmental features of biomethane and biogas development and

note the necessity to invest in the technologies of emission reduction and enhance the

performance of the agricultural raw materials processing. The issues of regional energy

security and decentralization of governance are addressed in Ciot and Butișcă (2025),

Kuzior et al. (2021), and Pryshliak et al. (2022), who emphasize the role of local

communities in the development of energy clusters and cooperatives. At the same time,

researchers Dadi et al. (2025), Mensah et al. (2025), and Millinger et al. (2025)

emphasize the global challenges of energy transformation, in particular the need to

harmonize international sustainability standards and to develop green justice policies for

developing countries.

Thus, the literature review confirms the high level of theoretical and practical

development of the topic, but a number of issues remain open. In particular, the

mechanisms for integrating digital tools into the public administration of bioenergy and

the issue of assessing the socio-economic efficiency of energy clusters in the context of

Ukraine’s post-war recovery remain underdeveloped.

Methods

The study was based on the analysis of statistical data obtained from publicly available

official international sources, including reports of the European Commission, European

Environment Agency (EEA), Eurostat, and analytical materials of EERA Bioenergy. To

achieve the study’s objective, the methods of comparative, analytical, economic and

statistical analysis were used to assess the dynamics of bioenergy development in

Ukraine and the European Union. Based on official statistics on the share of biomass in

the structure of renewable energy, growth rates of biofuel production, solid biomass

supply and agricultural biogas potential, generalized tables were constructed for further

interpretation of trends. A systematization method was used to compare national and

European indicators of bioenergy development, as well as a logical and analytical method

to identify patterns and managerial conclusions. Data were selected based on existing

open international reports and databases and this ensures that such data is reliable and

reproducible.

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e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

264

Results

The existing situation in the development of bioenergy in Ukraine and the European Union

can be described as highly dynamic because of the increased interest of the world

community to the decarbonization of the economy, energy security, and the shift towards

alternative energy sources. In the EU, bioenergy is not considered to be one of the

components of energy transformation; however, its part in a wider bioeconomic approach

is that which combines industrial, agricultural, and environmental policies. Directive (EU)

2018/2001 on Renewable Energy Sources (RED II) provides strict requirements to the

growth of the biomass, biogas, and biofuels respectively in the consumption pattern,

predetermining the principles of sustainability and traceability of raw materials.

Specifically, mechanisms of institutional governance, specializing agencies, platforms and

alliances in the area of bioenergy, making scientific, business and popular policy converge

are actively being adjusted by European countries (Christou et al., 2024; Proskurina &

Vakkilainen, 2024).

The recent war in Ukraine also highlighted the relevance of bioenergy development after

the war, which caused massive losses to the energy infrastructure in Ukraine. Bioenergy

has emerged as a significant field in the realization of energy self-sufficiency particularly

in the rural population and areas that show biomass availability. Bioenergy is one of the

major carriers of decarbonization mentioned by the State Strategy of the Renewable

Energy Development till 2035, but the regulatory framework is in pieces. Several

governmental programs are oriented at the alignment of laws with the EU Directive,

however, the efficiency of the measures to promote the creation of the investment

climate by the government and investment is not high yet (Filippova & Stelmashenko,

2024; Vasyliev, 2024). The role of the international programs and donor organizations

in the development of the modern architecture of the public administration in this field is

important, as they provide financial support to the projects that are aimed at modernizing

the bioenergy facilities, implementing monitoring systems, and training the personnel.

Specifically, institutional cooperation between the state, local population, and companies

that enable the development of energy cooperatives and bioenergy clusters are of

significance. This practice creates a multi-level type of governance where coordination of

policy, accountability of decision-making and transparency of decision-making are central

elements (Kurbatova et al., 2023; Pimenow et al., 2025).

Ukraine is slowly being integrated into the common energy market in the European

dimension, where it is necessary to harmonize the structure of governance to the EU

standards and introduce the system of data-driven strategic planning and performance

indicators. The bureaucratic ability of the government in the bioenergy sector is an

important precondition of realizing long-term energy transformation schemes. The

quality of the public administration in the sector depends on the interaction of the

regulatory frameworks, incentives on investments and participation of the people.

According to contemporary researchers, it is only through a systematic approach, which

integrates a political will, scientific justification, and a transparent procedures bioenergy

will be a true driver of sustainable development (Buzogány et al., 2023; Dadi et al.,

2025). Consequently, the analysis indicates that Ukraine is at the phase of shaping its

model of the public administration in bioenergy sphere geared towards the European

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

265

standards though it requires a greater support of the regulatory coherence, institutional

coordination and provision of resources to reach the strategic targets of the energy

transition.

The emergence of the state policy in the area of energy transition on the basis of

bioresources indicates the wishes of Ukraine to gain energy independence, but, at the

same time, to follow the principles of sustainable development and integration into the

European energy space. In the current context, the key guidelines for the development

of such a policy are the provisions of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II) and the updated

Directive (EU) 2023/2413 (RED III), which set higher targets for the share of renewable

energy sources, strengthen the requirements for the sustainability of biomass and

stimulate decentralized energy production from bioresources. The Ukrainian regulatory

framework is currently undergoing the process of harmonization with European norms,

but requires further systematization of state regulatory instruments that ensure the

balanced development of bioenergy (Vasyliev, 2024; Kramar, 2025; Proskurina &

Vakkilainen, 2024).

The essence of public policy is a combination of strategic planning, regulatory incentives,

financial support, and institutional coordination. It is important that the key areas are

formed taking into account the European experience, where the approach of “smart

governance” prevails – flexible and multi-level governance aimed at achieving

decarbonization goals and socio-economic effects for communities (Taylor et al., 2024;

Christou et al., 2024). In Ukraine, the emphasis is on creating legal conditions for the

development of biofuels, biogas, biomethane, and solid bioresources, but there are

barriers to investment, access to finance, and unregulated mechanisms for certifying the

sustainability of raw materials. To systematize the main directions of the state policy in

the field of energy transition based on bioresources, a generalized table has been

prepared (Table 1).

The systematization shows that Ukraine’s bioenergy policy is generally in line with

European directives in terms of strategic priorities, but retains a number of structural

gaps. The greatest efforts are required in the areas of sustainability certification,

emissions monitoring, and the development of effective investment incentives. At the

same time, there is a positive trend in regulatory adaptation in the area of biomethane,

decentralized governance, and community participation in local energy projects. This

shows that gradual institutionalization of public administration according to the standards

of EU is being carried out, which preconditions the inclusion of Ukraine into the single

energy space in Europe.

The development of bioenergy in Ukraine is conditioned by the institutional environment

determined by the multi-level system of the public administration which comprises of

government agencies, regional institutions, scientific institutions, business structures,

and public organizations.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

266

Table 1. Main directions of Ukraine’s state policy in the field of bioenergy and their coherence

with EU Directives

No.

State policy

direction

Main regulatory legal

acts of Ukraine

Relevant provisions

of EU Directives and

international

standards

Level of

consistency

Strategic planning of

bioenergy

development

Energy Strategy of Ukraine

until 2035; Concept of

Renewable Energy

Development (2020)

RED II, RED III –

Strategic goals to

increase the share of

bioenergy in the overall

energy balance

High

Regulatory and legal

framework for

biomass

sustainability

CMU Resolution No. 1002

(2021) “On Approval of the

Procedure for Determining

the Sustainability of

Biofuels”; Law “On

Alternative Energy

Sources”

RED II – biomass

sustainability criteria;

ISO 14064, 14067 –

carbon footprint

standards

Average

Financial

mechanisms and

investment support

Law “On the Electricity

Market”; State Strategy for

Attracting Investments in

RES (2022)

European Green Deal;

REPowerEU – incentives

for RES investors

Medium

Development of

biomethane

technologies

Law of Ukraine “On

Amendments to the

Development of

Biomethane Production”

(2023)

RED III – stimulation of

biomethane production

for gas networks

High

Institutional

coordination and

decentralization of

governance

Law on Local Self-

Government; ESCO

projects, regional energy

programs

RED II – support for

local energy initiatives

and energy

cooperatives

Medium

Sustainability

certification and

emissions

monitoring

CMU Resolution No. 227

(2022) on verification of

greenhouse gas emissions

RED III, ISO 14065,

LCA approaches –

mandatory

environmental reporting

Low

Scientific and

technical innovation

support for the

sector

State Strategy for

Innovative Development

(2021-2030); Horizon

Europe programs

EERA Bioenergy; SET-

Plan – R&D in the field

of bioenergy

Medium

Integration into the

European energy

area

EU-Ukraine Association

Agreement; National

Energy and Climate Plan

(NECP, under

development)

RED III, Fit for 55 –

integration of RES

markets,

decarbonization

commitments

High

Source: created by the author on the basis of (Vasyliev, 2024; Kramar, 2025; Christou et al.,

2024; Taylor et al., 2024; Proskurina & Vakkilainen, 2024; Pimenow et al., 2025)

The success of such environment is determined by the degree of interaction between the

two, openness in decisions making and mutualization of power and functions according

to the principles of energy security and sustainable development. European approach to

energy governance focuses on network coordination among the institutions, participation

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, Nº. 2, TD3

Thematic Dossier - Rule of Law, Human Rights, and Institutional

Transformation in Times of Global and National Challenges

March 2026, pp. 258-276

Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

in the Context of Global Transformations

Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

267

of local actors, and establishing cross-sectoral partnerships to provide the opportunity to

implement the overall bioenergy transition policy (Christou et al., 2024; Kurbatova et al.,

2023).

The institutional framework of bioenergy in Ukraine is undergoing some changes. The

main decision-making centers remain the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, and the National Energy and Utilities

Regulatory Commission (NEURC). However, regional authorities, sustainable

development agencies, biofuel producers’ associations, public environmental

associations, and scientific institutions are also becoming increasingly important as

communication intermediaries between the state, business, and society. To visualize the

institutional environment and the interaction of key actors in bioenergy development, a

generalized structure is presented below (Table 2).

The interaction of public administration entities in the field of bioenergy has horizontal

and vertical dimensions. Horizontal interaction is realized through partnerships between

the state, business and civil society, which contributes to the formation of “energy

ecosystems” focused on local self-sufficiency and the development of innovative

technologies. Vertical interaction ensures coordination between central and regional

levels of government, directing efforts to achieve energy security, reduce dependence on

imported energy and create conditions for sustainable economic growth.

To conclude, the institutional environment of the bioenergy sector in Ukraine is in the

gradual process of transforming the administrative command setting to the networked

management one, which addresses the requirements of European good governance and

offers the principles of openness, responsibility, as well as cross-sectoral cooperation.

This preconditions the enhancement of the energy security of the country and its entry

into the European energy space.

Within the framework of the contemporary globalization issues – mainly war, energy

instability and climate crises, the emergence of bioenergy technologies is a strategic

move towards the economic sustainability and energy security. Bioenergy is not only an

alternative form of energy, it is also a systemic determinant of socio-economic

development because it can provide new labor markets, promote innovation in renewable

technologies, as well as ensure the decarbonization of industry and the agricultural

sector. Simultaneously, the level of the management decision efficiency in this respect is

considerably predetermined by the degree to which the public administration can find a

compromise between economic feasibility, environmental protection, and social equity

(Dadi et al., 2025; Mensah et al., 2025; Wu & Pfenninger, 2022).

The Ukrainian war has become a significant trigger of reviewing the energy policies: the

devastation of infrastructure, increased costs of standard resources, and the necessity of

a quick shift to the model of decentralized energy supply has become a reality that proves

the role of bioenergy as a survival tool, rather than a long-term modernization (Pimenow

et al., 2025; Kurbatova et al., 2023). Meanwhile, the obstacles are increasing, namely,

insufficient investment and inadequate logistics infrastructure. Under these conditions,

the evaluation of the economic, environmental and social impact of bioenergy

technologies acquires a systemic significance since it will be possible to modify the

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Institutional and Legal Support for State Management of the Bioenergy Sector’s Development

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Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

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policies to the new realities of post-war recovery and the tendencies in the world

environment. Table 3 summarizes the relevant aspects.

Table 2. Main public administration entities in the field of bioenergy in Ukraine and areas of their

interaction

No.

Group of

institutions

Key actors

Main functions and

powers

Nature of

interaction with

other entities

Central executive

authorities

Ministry of Energy;

Ministry of

Environmental

Protection and Natural

Resources; Ministry of

Economy

Formation of the state

policy in the field of

bioenergy; development

of strategies, legislative

acts and support

programs

Coordination and

regulation of the

industry; interaction

with international

partners

Regulatory bodies

NEURC; State Agency

on Energy Efficiency

and Energy Saving of

Ukraine (SAEE)

Licensing of energy

production from

bioresources; tariff

policy; supervision of

compliance with technical

requirements and

standards

Cooperation with

producers, local

authorities, investors

Regional

authorities and

local governments

Regional and city

councils; regional

energy agencies

Development of local RES

programs, creation of

energy clusters, project

management at the

community level

Decentralized

coordination with

central authorities;

participation in EU

grant programs

Business and

private sector

Energy companies;

agricultural enterprises;

investors in biogas

plants and biomethane

projects

Implementation of

production facilities;

participation in public-

private partnerships;

technological innovations

Interaction with

regulators, financial

institutions, and

communities

Research and

educational

institutions

Institute of Renewable

Energy of the National

Academy of Sciences of

Ukraine; specialized

universities

Conducting research;

training of personnel;

development of biomass

processing technologies

Cooperation with

government, business

and international

research networks

Public and

international

organizations

Bioenergy Association

of Ukraine; Energy

Community Secretariat;

UNDP, USAID, GIZ

projects

Expert support,

popularization, policy

monitoring; attracting

international funding

Partnership in

strategy development

and preparation of

recommendations

Financial

institutions

EBRD, World Bank,

Energy Efficiency Fund

Provision of loans and

grants for the

development of bioenergy

facilities; support for

innovation

Cooperation with

government and

business through

sustainable financial

instruments

Source: created by the author based on (Filippova & Stelmashenko, 2024; Kurbatova et al.,

2023; Pimenow et al., 2025; Ciot & Butișcă, 2025; Christou et al., 2024)

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269

Table 3. Economic, environmental and social effects of bioenergy technologies implementation in

Ukraine in the context of global challenges

No.

Category of

effects

Main

manifestations

Potential

benefits

Main risks /

limitations

Management

implications

Economic

Increase in

production of

biofuels, biogas,

biomethane;

development of

local energy

enterprises

Reduction of

energy

imports;

creation of

jobs; increase

in tax

revenues

High initial

investment costs;

market instability;

currency risks

Need to stimulate

the private sector,

attract international

financing

Environmental

Reduction of CO₂

emissions;

utilization of

agricultural and

household waste;

reclamation of

degraded land

Reducing the

greenhouse

effect;

improving the

environment;

replacing fossil

fuels

High costs of

sustainability

certification; risk

of monocultures;

need to control

the balance of

ecosystems

Development of an

eco-audit system,

harmonization with

RED II / RED III, ISO

14064

Social

Creation of new

jobs in rural areas;

formation of

“green”

competencies;

increase of energy

autonomy of

communities

Development

of local

communities;

strengthening

of social

cohesion;

improvement

of quality of

life

Low level of public

awareness;

uneven access to

resources

Development of

training programs

and educational

initiatives

Impact of war

and energy

crises

Destruction of

infrastructure;

rising energy costs;

decreased energy

sustainability

Intensification

of energy

supply

decentralizatio

n processes;

attraction of

donor

reconstruction

programs

Supply chain

disruption;

equipment

shortages

Development of

crisis strategies;

state coordination of

energy recovery

Decarbonization

trends and

interna-tional

commitments

Harmonization with

the Paris

Agreement,

European Green

Deal, UN SDGs

Strengthening

international

cooperation;

access to

green financial

instruments

Mismatch between

ambitions and

available

resources

Need to integrate

energy,

environmental and

social policies

Source: created by the author on the basis of (Dadi et al., 2025; Mensah et al., 2025; Kurbatova

et al., 2023; Pimenow et al., 2025; Wu & Pfenninger, 2022; Guo et al., 2025)

The discussion of the above data indicates that the implementation of bioenergy

technologies is a multidimensional impact which transcends the energy policy. The

economic gains are reflected in the development of new market segments, the energy

balance diversification, and region competitiveness. The environmental impact is to

mitigate the anthropogenic impact, and this is aligned with global decarbonization

objectives, whereas the social impact is to generate more job opportunities and enhance

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270

social resilience of the local communities. Nevertheless, these advantages can be

achieved only under the condition of the presence of a stable regulatory regime, efficient

financialization, and the all-encompassing administration of citizens. The bioenergy in

Ukraine, in this case, can be seen not only as a field of energy, but also as a significant

element of national security and national economic restoration after the war.

As Table 4 reveals, the proportion of bioenergy in the renewable energy of the EU and

biogas potential in Ukraine indicate the particular size of the sector.

Table 4. Key statistics on bioenergy in the EU and Ukraine

No.

Parameter

Year/period

Value

Share of biomass in renewable energy

(EU)

2021

59.00%

Share of renewable energy sources in

final energy consumption (EU)

2023

24.50%

Increase in primary supply of solid

biomass (EU) 2008 → 2021

2008: 3 336 811 TJ

→ 2021: 4 454 768

growth by +33.50

Agricultural biogas potential of Ukraine

estimate of ~ 15

438.75 million m³ of

biogas per year

equivalent to ~ 8,800.00

million m³ of biomethane

Source: created by the author on the basis of (European Commission, 2025; EEA, 2025; Vaskina

et al., 2025) according to the list of references

The table presents some of the most important statistical indicators that present how

bioenergy is important in the European Union as well as the future of biogas development

in Ukraine. The proportion of biomass in the renewable energy system of the EU is

approximately 59 percent that accentuates that it prevails over the other technologies.

In the EU, the overall renewable energy has reached 24.5% in 2023, which means the

slow shift of the energy mix towards renewable sources (EEA, 2025). During the period

2008–2021, the volume of primary supply of solid biomass in the EU increased from

3,336,811 TJ to 4,454,768 TJ, i.e. by 33.5%, which demonstrates a steady increase in

demand for bioenergy resources (European Commission, 2023).

In the case of Ukraine, the potential of agricultural biogas is estimated at approximately

15,438.75 million m 3/per year, which corresponds to approximately 8,800.00 million m

3/per year of biomethane. Such numbers suggest that the industry has big reserves to

be developed and that it can somewhat cover the energy import requirements of the

country (Vaskina et al., 2025). Considering such statistical data during the study will only

make it possible not only to quantify dynamics of bioenergy, but also to justify the

decisions taken by the management based on real indicators. On the one hand, it is

possible to specify the scale and structure of the market, and, on the other hand,

ambitions and restrictions on the situation in the national perspective.

In this way, the analytical component of the study is reinforced by the statistical

information of international sources proving that the concept of the public administration

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271

of the sphere of bioenergy must be founded on the combination of objective quantitative

characteristics and the strategic forecasting. In this way, the balanced policy of energy

transition can be considered, considering the objective trends in the development of

bioenergy in the EU and the internal potential of Ukraine (European Commission, 2023;

EEA, 2025; Vaskina et al., 2025).

The evolution of the bioenergy sector in Ukraine needs the complex model of the

population administration on the foundation of the combination of the regulatory,

institutional, and economic elements. The initial one ought to establish a consistent legal

environment that would bring predictability to the decision-making of the investors and

form a foundation of energy policy over the long run. The provisions of Directives (EU)

2018/2001 (RED II) and (EU) 2023/2413 (RED III) emphasizing the specifications of

biofuel certification protocols, bio-mass sustainability, and emission reduction

requirements should be recommended as the changes to the national regulatory

framework are necessary. The implementation of the integrated environmental

monitoring and reporting system according to ISO 14064 and ISO 14067 standards, that

will enhance the clarity of the regulatory process and make both national and European

control mechanisms harmonized, should also be mentioned (Kramar, 2025; Vasyliev,

2024). The condition behind the success of the reform is to enhance the institutional

ability of the government agencies, specifically the State Agency on Energy Efficiency

and the Ministry of Energy, through creating interagency coordination councils,

enhancing the digitalization of the management process and providing clear information

exchange between the state, business, and communities (Christou et al., 2024).

The second aspect that should be enhanced in the public administration is the

establishment of a desirable investment climate that can bring in the private capital and

foreign financial resources to execute the bio energy projects. It is already recommended

to establish a national program “Green Transition Investment Framework” which would

integrate a mix of public, as well as, private financial tools to develop the infrastructure

of biomethane, biogas and bio fuel. They should also pay special attention to the support

of the local communities with the help of soft loans, grants, and tax breaks on

decentralized energy initiatives that will add to the energy independence of the region

(Taylor et al., 2024; Pimenow et al., 2025). Ukraine needs to implement the mechanisms

of involvement in the Horizon Europe and the EERA Bioenergy programs as the part of

its integration into the European energy area to conduct the joint research, technological

advancement, and experience sharing. This coherence of regulations, institutional

coordination, and attractiveness to investment, such an integrated approach would be

able to guarantee not only the sustainable development of bioenergy, but also the

integration of Ukraine into a single energy architecture of the future in the entire

European space.

Discussion

The results indicate that the public administration in bioenergy sector in Ukraine is slowly

adopting a fragmented regulatory model towards a systemic policy that is geared towards

European standards of sustainable development. This corresponds to the results of

Christou et al. (2024), Proskurina and Vakkilainen (2024), and Taylor et al. (2024), who

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Iaroslav Ianushevych, Oleg Hubanov

272

argue that institutional coherence and strategic planning can be considered as primary

factors of a well-developed energy system. Meanwhile, other authors, including Feindt et

al. (2020) and Baasch (2021), are of the opinion that over centralization of regulatory

processes may lower the flexibility of the energy policy, particularly during the crisis, as

they are in need of more involvement of the regional actors and a community in the

energy governance processes.

The outcomes of the current research prove that the Ukrainian model of governance is

being shifted towards decentralization, which supports the views of Kurbatova et al.

(2023) and Pimenow et al. (2025) regarding the significance of horizontal connection

between the state, business, and communities. Nonetheless, unlike Wu and Pfenninger

(2022), who claim that an institutional stability is a key factor in drawing investments,

the Ukrainian situation demonstrates that even during the period of regulatory instability,

projects have the opportunity to evolve in the form of versatile partnership and foreign

assistance. This implies that legal consistency is not the primary success factor per se,

but the degree of adaptive ability of management structures.

The problem of focusing on financial rewards instead of regulation is disputable. Dadi et

al. (2025) and Mensah et al. (2025) opine that bioenergy is developed as a result of

financial support and the investment mechanisms. But Vasyliev (2024), Filippova and

Stelmashenko (2024) point to the fact that, in the Ukrainian situation, the financial

incentive is not enough to guarantee the sustainability of the industry in the long term

without the regulatory stability. The findings of the given research prove that the synergy

of the two strategies – regulatory and investment – is a prerequisite of the sustainable

development of the bioenergy industry.

There are also considerable disparities in the ways of evaluating the impact of bioenergy

on the environment. Guo et al. (2025) and Sulis et al. (2025) argue that bioenergy

definitely contributes to CO₂ emission reductions, while Millinger et al. (2025), Balanay

and Halog (2024) draw attention to the risks of monoculture production and carbon

offsets that may reduce the real environmental effect. The results of the analysis in this

article show that the environmental efficiency of bioenergy in Ukraine depends on the

regional specificity of resources and the level of control over supply chains, which is

consistent with the findings of Kramar (2025) and Vaskina et al. (2025).

Thus, despite the diversity of approaches, most researchers agree that the future of

bioenergy will be determined by the quality of public administration, the effectiveness of

regulatory adaptation, and the involvement of civil society. To summarize, the results of

this study confirm the need for further research aimed at quantifying the effectiveness

of bioenergy projects in the post-war period and developing digital mechanisms for

monitoring sustainability within the public administration system.

Conclusions

The study has shown that the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is not only a

technological but also an institutional and political process that determines the directions

of energy security and post-war recovery of the state. The novelty of the obtained results

lies in the systematic substantiation of the relationship between regulatory

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harmonization, institutional capacity and public administration in the field of bioenergy.

In contrast to previous approaches, the study proves that the effectiveness of reforms

depends not so much on the number of legislative acts as on the level of coordination

between government agencies, business, and local communities. The practical

significance is that the proposed analytical model can be used to formulate a policy of

“smart governance” and Ukraine’s integration into the European energy space. It has

been found that the main challenges remain the low level of digitalization of management

processes, the lack of investment mechanisms, and the inefficiency of the biomass

sustainability certification system. The weakness of this research is that it does not

provide an in-depth empirical data on the areas of Ukraine and this aspect makes it

impossible to compare regions in detail. It is recommended in the future to devise

quantitative models to determine the energy, environmental and social performance of

bioenergy projects, increase the database on the analysis of regional practices and

consider digital sustainability monitoring tools that can promote transparency and

accountability in energy management.

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