OBSERVARE

Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL. 16, N.º 2

November 2025-April 2026

506

NOTES AND REFLECTIONS

ISSUES OF APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CIVIL

LITIGATION

PIRMATOV OTABEK SHAVKATOVICH

pirmatov.otabek.89@inbox.ru

Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Procedural and Economic Procedural Law,

Tashkent State University of Law (Uzbekistan), Doctor of Sciences in Law (DSc)

ORCID: 0009-0003-1623-045X

Introduction

Nowadays, with the help of modern information technologies, some procedural actions

in civil court cases can be carried out without a judge or his assistant.

There is a plaque at Dartmouth College that reads: “In this building during the summer

of 1956 John McCarthy (Dartmouth College), Marvin L. Minsky (MIT), Nathaniel Rochester

(IBM), and Claude Shannon (Bell Laboratories) conducted the Dartmouth Summer

Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. First use of the term ‘Artificial Intelligence.’

Founding of Artificial Intelligence as a research discipline ‘to proceed on the basis of the

conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in

principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it[1].

The application of artificial intelligence systems in the social sphere and economic sectors

creates great opportunities for humanity. However, new opportunities also create some

problems. Such problems are directly explained by the unique characteristics of artificial

intelligence systems, including the ability of these systems to self-learn, act

autonomously, intelligently, and even make independent decisions as a result of the

further development of technologies, as a result of which these systems become more

powerful and complex. In particular, the issue of the legal status of artificial intelligence

systems is extremely controversial, and this creates a number of problems in the legal

regulation of relations related to their activities.

Today, the volume of data generated by humans and machines far exceeds the ability of

humans to process, interpret, and make complex decisions. Artificial intelligence is the

foundation for teaching computers and the future of complex solutions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of creating and implementing algorithms in a fast

computing environment that mimic human cognitive processes[2].

Mainly in Western countries, artificial intelligence is being used to solve civil disputes and

criminal cases.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

507

The development of startups that predict civil disputes based on artificial intelligence by

law firms and law offices operating in our country would also serve to increase lawyers'

income.

An artificial intelligence that can understand and speak Uzbek has been created. Now, if

you need to do something or find information, you can turn to "Mohira" instead of "Siri",

"Alexa" or "Alisa"[3].

Literature review

A.D. (Dory) Reiling emphasizes that the implementation of artificial intelligence in courts

has the following advantages:

1. Organising information. Recognising patterns in text documents and files can be

useful, for example when sorting large amounts of cases, or in complex cases that

contain a lot of information.

2. Advise. AI that is able to advise, can be useful for people and potential parties to a

court case, who are looking for a solution to their problem, but do not yet know what

they can do. Advisory AI can also be useful for legal professionals. AI not only looks

for relevant information, but also provides an answer to a question.

3. Predictions. AI that claims to be able to predict court decisions attracts a lot of

interest. The usual English/American term for this is “predictive justice”. This term

has given rise to discussion, because the outcome of the prediction algorithms is

neither justice nor predictive. The term “forecast” is a more accurate description,

reflecting current debates. The outcome looks more like a weather forecast than like

an established fact. Just like the weather, court proceedings risk having an

unpredictable outcome[4].

Since artificial intelligence is a technology, it is natural that it will not have close relatives

and acquaintances. Most importantly, artificial intelligence will not be pressured by the

above positions.

P.M. Morkhat listed the specific aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in legal

proceedings:

− comparing regulatory legal acts in order to determine their hierarchy;

− performing simultaneous professional legal translations in court proceedings

involving a foreign element;

− automatically classifying, forming and documenting legal acts;

− assisting the judge in determining the violated rights of the parties;

− making legal decisions using artificial intelligence when an operational expert

assessment is necessary;

− comprehensively examining cases on newly discovered cases;

− selecting judges from a special list;

− checking judicial errors, etc[5. –C. 8-12].

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

508

According to K.L. Branovitsky addressing the challenges of implementing artificial

intelligence technologies:

1) the problem of the concept of "artificial intelligence";

2) the problem of access to data;

3) the problem of expert application of artificial intelligence systems in justice;

4) the problem of application of artificial intelligence for analysis of judicial practice and

forecasting;

5) the problem of application of artificial intelligence technologies by persons

participating in the case.

6) the problem of delegating individual functions for conducting the case to the system

based on artificial intelligence;

7) the problem of application of artificial intelligence for evaluation of evidence,

establishment of factual circumstances of the case and applicable legal norms[6].

In light of the foregoing, we can examine to what extent Al can support or displace

judges. Rather obviously, Al can do for judges many of the same tasks Al does for

lawyers. For example, just as Al accelerates legal research for lawyers, it can accelerate

legal research for judges. At present, again as is true with lawyers, it would be unwise

to completely trust the results of Al legal research, but in many cases, it can whittle down

the body of law that needs to be examined[7].

The websites of all courts around the world have interfaces that provide interactive

services. In particular, we discussed the availability of interactive services on the official

website of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan in our previous chapters. Of

course, artificial intelligence can help process large amounts of data in courts.

As noted above, newer technologies can assist people to resolve disputes at an earlier

time or refine the issues that need to be presented to judges. For example, technology

can assist people to develop options and use AI to develop alternatives, and can be used

to run evaluative, advisory and determinative processes. In this regard, some disruptive

technologies are linked to Artificial Legal Intelligence (‘ALI’) which can be viewed as a

system that has the capacity to render expert legal advice or decision-making[8].

Alternative options or advice provided by artificial intelligence forces the party to consider

going to court. That is, if the party knows that the outcome of the civil case will be in its

favor, it may consider filing a case within a court and paying the state fee.

By analyzing civil disputes with the help of artificial intelligence, it is possible to assess

what the resolution of the dispute will be.

The “smart court” includes non-human judges, powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and

allows participants to register their cases online and resolve their matters via a digital

court hearing[9].

The use of AI in Chinese courts has been evident in three important functions. First, AI

tools are being used to assist with judicial decision-making. China’s Internet courts have

been experimenting with “AI judges” to assist courts with the adjudication of basic, non-

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

509

complex cases, such as low-value contract and negligence disputes. These tools are

aimed at promoting greater consistency of judgements across China, as well as mitigating

potential gaps in judicial expertise. A judge may submit to an AI-enabled system the

relevant information of the present case that they are hearing and receive analysis of

automatically collated cases that were similarly decided for the judge’s reference. In

some courts, such a system can also undertake deviation analysis on draft judgments by

comparing relevant evidence with evidence in previous court decisions[10. P.3.].

The smart court has embraced various newer technologies, supported by AI, the use of

big data, and to a limited extent blockchain approaches[11].

Indeed, artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain technologies can be considered

the latest achievements of humanity today. The digitization of civil court proceedings

involves achieving full electronic management of court activities and offering other

intelligent digital options to facilitate court tasks and be more convenient for the parties.

Discussion

Digital courts can take various forms and be organized at various levels. In our country,

civil courts have introduced procedures for parties to submit documents related to the

case file electronically and for civil courts to communicate electronically.

One of the forms of digitalization of civil court cases is the electronic filing system, which

allows the civil court to download any civil court decision online from anywhere.

Digitization not only affects the daily operations of the court, but also allows for the

analysis of big data in the court and the provision of information to the public.

The use of digital tools in courts is becoming increasingly widespread around the world.

So-called “cyberjustice” tools have already been implemented in several US and Asian

judicial systems, including artificial intelligence, which facilitates access to justice,

improves communication between courts and lawyers, and directly assists judges and

court administrators.

Artificial intelligence serves to reduce the human factor by integrating algorithms and big

data analysis into the judicial process. Artificial intelligence ranges from systems that can

automatically show judges similar cases as reference, to systems that can process and

cross-check all collected evidence, to systems that can automatically identify conflicts or

relevant information for the judge to consider.

DoNotPay's world-first robot lawyer works on a defendant's smartphone and gives

instructions on what to say to his client during the argument.

Artificial intelligence programs that can make decisions based on input can be applied to

civil litigation.

Artificial intelligence acts according to a given algorithm. A robot judge makes a certain

number of decisions faster than a human.

A robot judge can be one of the solutions in the fight against corruption. Also, civil

litigation will be speeded up because the robot judge can work 24/7.

Four Examples of Artificial Intelligence in the Justice System:

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

510

Prometea

An artificial intelligence program developed and implemented in Argentina in 2017. The

project is famous for the fact that its verdicts in court cases during the experimental

stage never actually differed from those issued by judges.

Assistant Robots

Chinese courts often have a robot assistant that answers questions using understandable

language that is not loaded with legal vocabulary. The country is also gradually

introducing virtual or, as they are also called, cyber courts.

Robot Judge

In Estonia, several ministries have introduced artificial intelligence into the courts to help

people file cases faster.

Pretoria

The Constitutional Court of Colombia recently announced the adoption of an artificial

intelligence program called Pretoria to make the work of judges easier. The project

significantly reduces paperwork[12].

The Buenos Aires District Prosecutor's Office (Argentina) has summed up the interim

results of testing the Prometea software application, which can issue and formalize a

court decision in a number of categories of civil and administrative cases in 10 seconds.

It turned out that local judges approved 100% of the decisions made over the past year

using artificial intelligence[13].

Various forms of artificial intelligence are already widely used in many judicial systems

around the world, both in the form of the first bots and in the form of neural networks.

The People’s Republic of China is ahead of others in the use of artificial intelligence in the

courts. China’s Hebei Supreme Court has developed the Intelligent Trial 1.0 system that

helps courts automatically digitize files, classify documents, search for relevant laws,

decisions and documents and then automatically creates documents (i.e. notifications)

and coordinates tasks in the workflow[14].

In the Dutch judicial system, artificial intelligence is making its own decisions in certain

types of civil cases for debt collection. Research shows that if certain conditions are met,

artificial intelligence can make autonomous decisions to a limited extent. In foreign

countries, robot judges are strictly automated to strictly follow the laws, they do it 100

times better and faster than any human.

Moreover, according to M.Masiddiqov, there are a number of questions related to the use

of artificial intelligence in legal proceedings, the judiciary and the judicial system. Firstly,

to what extent can artificial intelligence be useful for the functioning of courts and for

independent judges, subject only to the law, who are authorized to consider and resolve

a specific court case;

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

511

Secondly, what are the requirements for the use of artificial intelligence; how can artificial

intelligence help the court make a fair decision, in what order and on the basis of what

requirements; compliance with international standards for the use of artificial intelligence

capabilities in the conduct of legal cases; issues such as the danger of artificial

intelligence in the work of courts and judges [15].

If the law does not clearly define the algorithm for implementing the norm in a particular

case and it is necessary to make a decision on an individual basis, then the human factor

is necessary.

Given the large amount of memory and the speed of analysis of artificial intelligence

data, robotized courts can reduce the workload of civil courts.

As a result of repeated consideration of legal disputes by robot judges, artificial

intelligence stores this solution in its memory.

A robot judge does not violate the terms of the case - it allows you to analyze and make

decisions as quickly as possible. A software robot can learn and make decisions hundreds

of times faster than a human.

They, as judges, do not have the same intellectual, moral, emotional, physical,

intellectual and other superfluous feelings as people do. This allows a robot judge to

make a fair, objective and well-founded decision based on a broader analysis of all the

information.

The result of the study by the signal processing unit is recorded in a graph of the

calculation parameters, which is displayed on the computer along with the questions

asked.

Artificial intelligence in the judicial system and law enforcement agencies should be used

only if its implementation ensures transparency.

Judges based on artificial intelligence can simultaneously consider several civil cases and

find relevant legal documents almost instantly. This is useful not only for judges to focus

on more important decisions, but also for citizens who do not want to participate in long

and complicated court proceedings.

Because the judiciary is a collegial body made up of hundreds, if not thousands, of

different judges, different civil courts make different decisions. Artificial intelligence-

based judges help to standardize some types of civil court cases.

It is anticipated that with the help of AI systems more frequently applied in the legal

field, more people will gain access to court as the efficiency of courts is expected to

improve. In addition, it will be easier and cheaper to seek and receive legal advice[16.

P.283].

It is possible to create chatbots that will answer questions that arise in civil courts,

especially in cases of adversarial procedure. It is possible to ensure that this chatbot

answers questions related to civil court cases. For example, a question can be asked to

the chatbot in the following order:

What is the amount of alimony that parents pay to their minor children?

A: If there is no notarized agreement between the parents on the provision of support

for their minor children, alimony for their maintenance is collected by the court in the

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

512

amount of one quarter of the parents' monthly salary and (or) other income for one child,

one third for two children, and half for three or more children.

How long must a claim for reinstatement be filed with the court?

A: A claim for reinstatement is filed within one month from the date of the employee

being given a copy of the order terminating the employment contract.

A chat bot that answers such questions would also serve to raise the legal awareness of

our citizens.

Perhaps in the future, chat bots can be created that answer questions on labor, family,

and housing disputes.

When a claim is submitted, it can monitor the payment of the state fee and other attached

documents, as well as assign cases to judges, prepare subpoenas and send them to the

parties. Even the development of a final draft decision can be left to artificial intelligence,

since artificial intelligence will have special algorithms that can serve as the basis for

making a decision and the draft decision.

Artificial intelligence decision-making is based on special algorithms. When making a

decision on debt collection:

− the debtor has violated the contract;

− the debtor can be held liable for the violation of the contract;

− the creditor has suffered or may suffer damage;

− the damage is intended to protect against the violation of contractual obligations;

− there is a causal link between the failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of the

obligation and the damage;

− the presence of fines and penalties in the contract must be taken into account.

The above conditions are programmed with the help of artificial intelligence and used

when making a decision.

In addition to the possible gains in the efficiency and expediency of civil litigation, artificial

intelligence is intended to help these smart courts achieve the goals of judicial reform,

increasing trust, transparency, consistency, and even independence from unwanted

internal and external interference.

One of the urgent problems in modern civil procedural legislation is that the current

judicial system cannot cope with the volume of cases submitted for consideration, and

mediation as an institution is in no way an alternative to the existing judicial system and

does not compete with it[17. P.54].

Conclusion

The application of artificial intelligence by courts can be manifested in the following

forms:

Firstly, artificial intelligence can be used to improve the workload of judges. In addition,

the use of artificial intelligence in court administration can make better use of the large

amount of valuable data that the judicial system has.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

513

Secondly, artificial intelligence can be used to help judges identify patterns in judicial

practice and verify evidence presented by the parties.

The introduction of artificial intelligence in civil litigation can ensure:

a) improving the quality and efficiency of civil court activities. The system of issuing

decisions by courts in civil cases, the use of text processing systems, the use of

speech and video recognition systems for compiling audio and video records of court

sessions, and the automated preparation of draft court documents;

b) increasing the efficiency of judicial protection of the rights and legitimate interests

of individuals and legal entities. Expansion of remote participation in court hearings

by the use of artificial intelligence, biometric identification of citizens;

c) increase legal awareness by introducing systems for predicting the outcome of civil

court cases in order to reduce disputes.

References

1. Artificial Intelligence by Stephanie Dick Published on Jul 02, 2019.

https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/0aytgrau/release/3

2. http://idtm.uz/suniy-intellekt/

3. https://kun.uz/news/2023/03/12/ozbekcha-alisa-qanday-ishlab-chiqildi-loyiha-

asoschilari-bilan-suhbat

4. https://www.iacajournal.org/articles/10.36745/ijca.343/

5. Морхат, П. М. Возможности, особенности и условия применения

искусственного интеллекта в юридической практике /Администратор суда. – 2018. –

№ 2. – С. 8–12.

6. Брановицкий К.Л. и другие. Цифровые технологии в цивилистическом

процессе: некоторые проблемы и перспективы//

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336408856

7. Ray Worthy Campbell. Artificial Intelligence in the Courtroom: The Delivery of

Justice in the Age of Machine Learning. Revista Forumul Judecatorilor - Nr. 2/2023.

https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/judioruie20

23&id=359&men_tab=srchresults

8. Richard Susskind, The Future of Law: Facing the Challenges of Information

Technology (Clarendon Press, 1996) 120–1. Expert systems and knowledge-based

systems may be used in ‘solving problems, offering advice, and undertaking a variety of

other tasks’ in a legal context. This is in direct support of the author’s in-text proposition

that ALI may present ‘a system that has the capacity to render expert legal advice or

decision-making’: at 121.

9. https://www.lexisnexis.ca/en-ca/ihc/2020-02/robot-justice-chinas-use-of-

internet-courts.page

10. Mimi Zou. “Smart courts” in China and the future of personal injury litigation.

Oxford University Press, 2019. Р.3.

JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations

e-ISSN: 1647-7251

VOL 16, Nº. 2

November 2025-April 2026, pp. 506-514

Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil Litigation

Pirmatov Otabek Shavkatovich

514

11. Changqing Shi, Tania Sourdin, Bin Li. The Smart Court - A New Pathway to Justice

in China? https://ssrn.com/abstract=3778345

12. https://www.metronews.ru/novosti/world/reviews/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-

mozhet-stat-chastyu-suda-1703741/

13. https://legal.report/resheniya-robota-sudi-polnostyu-ustraivayut-sluzhitelej-

femidy/

14. https://aastaraamat.riigikohus.ee/en/artificial-intelligence-a-substitute-or-

supporter-of-judges/

15. Mamasiddiqov M. Artificial intelligence in litigation matters of use of opportunities.

Materials of the international conference “Global challenges and threats in the field of law

enforcement: problems and solutions”. Volume I.– T.: Lesson Press, 2025. – P.50.

16. Franciska Zsófia Gyuranecz, Bernadett Krausz, Dorottya Papp. The AI is now in

session – The impact of digitalization on courts Team Hungary. 2019. P.283.

17. Hayrulina, Asal (2024). Comparative Analysis of Mediation in Some Foreign

Countries and Uzbekistan: Potential Questions and Proposals.Janus.net, e-journal of

international relations.VOL 15, Nº.1, May-October, pp. 41-56.

https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.15.1.3

How to cite this article

Shavkatovich, Pirmatov Otabek (2025). Issues of Application of Artificial Intelligence in Civil

Litigation. Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. VOL. 16, Nº. 2, November 2025-April

2026, pp. 506-514. DOI https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.16.2.03