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Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025
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THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SECURITIZATION OF THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE
ISSUE IN ACEH, 2023: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
ELPENI FITRAH
elpeni.fitrah@unsoed.ac.id
Assistant Professor and Researcher at the Department of International Relations and Southeast
Asia Strategic Policy Research Center, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman (Indonesia).
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-123X
ARNENDYA PUTRI FADZRIA
arnendya.fadzria@mhs.unsoed.ac.id
Research Assistant at Southeast Asia Strategic Policy Research Center, Universitas Jenderal
Soedirman (Indonesia)
MUHAMMAD YAMIN
muhammad.yamin@unsoed.ac.id
Associate Professor and Researcher at Dept. of International Relations and Tourism and Creative
Economy Research Center, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman (Indonesia). https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-5538-844X
Abstract
The media coverage of the intricate humanitarian catastrophe stemming from the influx of
Rohingya refugees in Aceh, Indonesia, in 2023 significantly influences public perception and
governmental decision-making. This situation is intricately linked to security concerns. This
study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the media's portrayal of the Rohingya refugee
situation in Aceh as a national security issue, with a specific emphasis on the arrivals in 2023.
The research employed a qualitative methodology encompassing discourse analysis, case
studies, and document analysis to investigate the evolution of media frameworks and their
impact on public opinion and governmental actions. The findings illustrate the interaction of
conflicting narratives—frames emphasizing security risks, cultural differences, and
humanitarian issues. This case study analyzes the media's representation of the initial
humanitarian emphasis and its subsequent shift towards securitization. Research indicates
that media coverage significantly impacts public opinion, perceptions of refugees, and the
mechanisms of securitization that rationalize stronger security measures and impede social
integration efforts. This study underscores the difficulties of managing conflicting narratives,
combating disinformation, and improving media literacy. The findings underscore the
necessity of many perspectives, media literacy, and ethical journalism to mitigate the adverse
impacts of securitization and promote a more inclusive, rights-oriented framework for refugee
protection. These findings contribute to overarching dialogues regarding media framing,
securitization, and the protection of refugees.
Keywords
Rohingya refugee crisis, securitization, media framing, Aceh, Indonesia, humanitarian
response.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
356
Resumo
A cobertura mediática da complexa catástrofe humanitária decorrente do afluxo de refugiados
Rohingya em Aceh, na Indonésia, em 2023, influencia significativamente a perceção pública
e a tomada de decisões governamentais. Esta situação está intrinsecamente ligada a
preocupações de segurança. Este estudo apresenta uma análise exaustiva da representação
mediática da situação dos refugiados Rohingya em Aceh como uma questão de segurança
nacional, com ênfase nas chegadas em 2023. A investigação utilizou uma metodologia
qualitativa que engloba a análise do discurso, estudos de caso e análise de documentos para
investigar a evolução dos enquadramentos dos meios de comunicação social e o seu impacto
na opinião pública e nas ações governamentais. Os resultados ilustram a interação de
narrativas contraditórias - quadros que realçam os riscos de segurança, as diferenças culturais
e as questões humanitárias. Este estudo de caso analisa a representação mediática da ênfase
humanitária inicial e a sua subsequente mudança para a securitização. A investigação indica
que a cobertura mediática tem um impacto significativo na opinião pública, nas perceções dos
refugiados e nos mecanismos de securitização que racionalizam medidas de segurança mais
fortes e impedem os esforços de integração social. Este estudo sublinha as dificuldades de
gerir narrativas contraditórias, combater a desinformação e melhorar a literacia mediática. As
conclusões sublinham a necessidade de muitas perspetivas, de literacia mediática e de
jornalismo ético para mitigar os impactos adversos da securitização e promover um quadro
de proteção dos refugiados mais inclusivo e orientado para os direitos. Estas conclusões
contribuem para diálogos abrangentes sobre o enquadramento dos media, a securitização e
a proteção dos refugiados.
Palavras-chave
Crise dos refugiados Rohingya, securitização, enquadramento mediático, Aceh, Indonésia,
resposta humanitária.
How to cite this article
Fitrah, Elpeni, Fadzria, Arnendya Putri & Yamin, Muhammad (2025). The Role of Media in the
Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023: A Comprehensive Analysis. Janus.net,
e-journal of international relations. VOL. 16, Nº. 1. May-October 2025, pp. 355-375. DOI
https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.16.1.17.
Article submitted on May 22nd 2024 and accepted for publication on March 1st 2025.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
357
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SECURITIZATION OF THE ROHINGYA
REFUGEE ISSUE IN ACEH, 2023: A COMPREHENSIVE
ANALYSIS
ELPENI FITRAH
ARNENDYA PUTRI FADZRI
MUHAMMAD YAMIN
Introduction
The arrival of Rohingya refugees into Aceh, Indonesia, in 2023 has given rise to intricate
humanitarian challenges and security dilemmas (BBC, 2023). The media wields
significant power in shaping public perception and guiding policy decisions, which could
lead to this matter being regarded as a national security concern (Usman et al., 2023).
The transformation of media reporting has shifted from original narratives emphasizing
the humanitarian dimensions of the refugee experience to a paradigm that centers on
security concerns, including human trafficking and extremism (BBC, 2023; VOA, 2023).
Changes in the framing of media narratives have yielded tangible outcomes, including
heightened animosity towards refugees, more stringent border policies, and enforced
deportations (AFP, 2023; Yuniar, 2023). The contentious dynamics surrounding the
Rohingya situation in Aceh underscore the pressing necessity for a comprehensive
analysis of media participation in the securitization process.
Prior studies have investigated the influence of media narratives on public perceptions of
refugees and the potential for securitization (J. Lee, 2021; Lie, 2023). Studies have
highlighted the impact of negative media representations on fostering resistance to
refugees and legitimizing the adoption of restrictive policies (McCann et al., 2023;
Ricchiardi, 2018). There is a notable deficiency in acknowledging the absence of
indigenous perspectives in current media narratives concerning the Rohingya issue in
Aceh (BRIN, 2023; Human Rights Watch, 2024). The absence of diverse perspectives
impedes a thorough comprehension of the issues and challenges confronting local
communities (BRIN, 2023). The evolving nature of media reporting and its connection to
political objectives and social dynamics necessitates further investigation (Viartasiwi &
Missbach, 2023).
Therefore, this article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the media's role in
the securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh, Indonesia, focusing on refugee
arrivals in 2023. The study employs qualitative methods, including discourse analysis,
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
358
case studies, and document analysis, to identify the dominant media frame, which
evolves over time, and to examine the impact of these changes on policy decisions and
public opinion. This study investigates the interplay among media narratives, local issues,
and international influences to understand the intricate dynamics shaping responses to
the refugee crisis. The report examines alternative storylines and emphasizes the
significance of broadening perspectives to enhance holistic understanding.
Our primary argument is that the securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh
has been significantly driven by media coverage, which has in turn influenced public
perception and legitimized more stringent security protocols. Ratcliffe and Syakriah
(2024) and Yuniar (2023) assert that the proliferation of misinformation and hate
campaigns has rendered narratives concerning security more significant than those
focused on altruism, hence hindering initiatives aimed at fostering unity. This study posits
that a more equitable and empathetic approach to addressing refugee concerns can be
achieved by meticulously examining the media's influence on public perception and
considering diverse perspectives, particularly those from local sources. This research's
findings can inform policy debates, promote ethical journalism, and facilitate the
development of effective solutions that prioritize the rights and well-being of Rohingya
refugees while addressing valid security issues.
Literature Review
Media narratives significantly influenced public opinion and state responses on the
securitization of Rohingya refugees in Aceh, Indonesia, in 2023 (Usman et al., 2023).
The influx of refugees prompted debates on the equilibrium between humanitarian
obligations and security concerns, resulting in controversy (BBC, 2023). Scholars have
examined the intricate relationship between media framing of issues, public opinion, and
the securitization process, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive understanding
of the matter (J. Lee, 2021; Lie, 2022).
The Copenhagen School's perspective on securitization theory provides a valuable
framework for understanding how issues are transformed into security threats through
discourse (Buzan et al., 1998). This concept illustrates the significance of securitizing
agents, such as the media, use speech acts to instill a sense of threat and provoke
irrational behavior (Balzacq, 2005). The media narrative of the Rohingya crisis in Aceh
has significantly shifted from a focus on humanitarian issues to a security-oriented
approach (BBC, 2023; VOA, 2023). This change in viewpoint has yielded quantifiable
outcomes, such as heightened animosity towards refugees and the endorsement of more
stringent border policies (AFP, 2023; Yuniar, 2023).
J. Lee (2021) and Lie (2023) assert that media framing significantly influences public
sentiment towards immigration. Studies indicate that adverse portrayals in the media
can lead individuals to dismiss refugees and endorse policies that impose restrictions
(McCann et al., 2023; Ricchiardi, 2018). Media coverage of the Rohingya crisis in Aceh
has predominantly emphasized security-related concerns, including human trafficking
and possible connections to extremism, so overshadowing the humanitarian aspects of
the situation (BBC, 2023; VOA, 2023). The rise of securitized media narratives is fueled
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The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
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by the proliferation of misinformation and the advancement of hate campaigns,
particularly on social media platforms (Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024; Yuniar, 2023).
BRIN (2023) and Human Rights Watch (2024) have recognized the absence of local
viewpoints in prevailing media narratives as a significant deficiency in comprehending
the complexities of the Rohingya predicament in Aceh. Security-centric narratives have
marginalized the interests and perspectives of local communities, hence hindering
initiatives aimed at fostering unity and peaceful coexistence. The lack of diverse
perspectives in media reporting contributes to the polarization of public opinion and the
marginalization of alternative narratives that emphasize humanitarian issues (Viartasiwi
& Missbach, 2023).
The securitization process is more complicated by alterations in media coverage and its
interplay with societal dynamics and political agendas (Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023).
Usman et al. (2023) assert that the congruence between media and governmental
narratives on the Rohingya issue has intensified security-oriented responses, bolstered
more stringent measures, and influenced policy determinations. The surge of refugees in
2023 has heightened the necessity for a comprehensive and nuanced comprehension of
the media's impact on public perceptions and policy responses in emergencies (BBC,
2023).
Researchers have emphasized that promoting alternative narratives and amplifying
marginalized views is a crucial tactic for addressing the challenges posed by the
securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh (BRIN, 2023; Human Rights Watch,
2024). Promoting responsible journalism, addressing misinformation, and enhancing
media literacy are essential measures for fostering a more equitable and compassionate
approach to this issue (Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024). To resolve this issue, it is essential
to formulate effective policies that prioritize the rights and welfare of Rohingya refugees
while concurrently addressing legitimate security concerns (Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023).
By conducting a thorough analysis of media influence and actively promoting multiple
perspectives, policymakers and stakeholders may work together to create inclusive and
sustainable solutions for the Rohingya problem in Aceh.
Method
This research uses qualitative methods to analyze the intricate interplay between media
coverage and the securitization process of the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh, Indonesia,
particularly on the arrival of hundreds of migrants in 2023. The research scope is on
analyzing media coverage of the Rohingya crisis in Aceh, encompassing article analysis,
news reports, editorials, opinions, and online content from several sources, including
national newspapers, local news websites, and social media platforms.
The research design employs a multifaceted methodological approach that integrates
discourse analysis, targeted case studies, and document analysis. We performed
discourse analysis to examine the media framework that depicts the dynamics of
Rohingya refugees and their challenges. Analysis of themes to investigate the portrayal
of the Rohingya ethnicity in narratives about security threats, humanitarian challenges,
and cultural disparities. It also examines the evolution of depictions over time. This study
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
360
analyzes the presentation of frames, language selections, and referenced sources to
uncover power dynamics and possible biases that affect media discourse.
The primary sources of information for research encompass diverse media, governmental
documents, and pertinent stakeholders. These sources comprise national and local
newspapers, online news portals, and social media channels. Government documents,
such as policy statements, press releases, and official reports, offer significant insights
into possible correlations between media narratives and policy actions. This study
incorporates viewpoints from essential stakeholders, including refugee organizations,
civil society groups, and local community members, to offer a more nuanced and
thorough understanding of the situation.
The data collection approach required the aggregation and thorough analysis of news
items, official papers, and relevant online information released between November 2023
and March 2024, coinciding with the influx of Rohingya refugees in Aceh. The chosen
timeline enables the analysis of first media reactions, narrative developments, and their
possible influence on policy choices. Articles and documents were collected via an
exhaustive search of media databases, government websites, and social media platforms
using pertinent keywords and phrases related to the Rohingya crisis in Aceh.
We gathered data through a comprehensive analytical approach employing diverse
qualitative methods. Thematic analysis is used to uncover reoccurring themes, patterns,
and narratives in media coverage. The evaluation includes language selections, the
presentation of the subject matter, the portrayal of the individuals involved, and the
overarching sentiment expressed in the coverage. Comparative analysis is employed to
investigate the similarities and variations in media narratives across various sources and
temporal contexts. Critical discourse analysis is employed to reveal the latent power
dynamics, beliefs, and biases inherent in media discourse.
Results and Discussion
Securitization Theory and the Rohingya Case: Revealing the Dynamics
of Threat Construction
The plight of the Rohingya ethnic group in Myanmar and their exodus to neighboring
countries, including Aceh, Indonesia, underscores the intricate interplay between
humanitarian issues and security perceptions. Current news articles, scholarly research,
and documentation of human rights abuses indicate a transition from prioritizing
humanitarian assistance to emphasizing security protocols. This transition has resulted
in substantial implications for the well-being of refugees and the social framework of
Aceh (BBC, 2023; Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023; Human Rights Watch, 2024). The idea of
securitization elucidates how these concerns are framed as "security threats," potentially
resulting in the implementation of drastic measures that beyond standard democratic
procedures. This section examines the theoretical underpinnings and complexities of the
securitization paradigm for the Rohingya issue, drawing on recent literature and research.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
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May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
361
Elements of Securitization in the Rohingya Case
The Copenhagen School's securitization theory posits that discursive processes can
convert non-security matters into security concerns. Multiple factors in Aceh in 2023
render the Rohingya refugees susceptible to incarceration. The primary objective is to
establish a scenario that induces substantial and immediate peril. The sustained
persecution, denial of citizenship, and egregious brutality faced by the Rohingya ethnic
group in Myanmar constitute unequivocal proof of a genuine and substantial threat. Their
presence is readily associated with a narrative of national security apprehension, further
bolstered by anxieties around illegal immigration, constrained resources, and the
potential for religious extremism. The formulation of this danger is evident in remarks
made by Indonesian politicians, such as Bobby Rizaldi, a DPR member who underscored
the necessity of clarifying the status of individuals entering Indonesian territory. Rizaldi
asserted that not all Rohingya migrants possess refugee status (BBC, 2023). When these
variables are considered collectively, it becomes evident that the Rohingya situation is
conducive to securitization, as numerous stakeholders and narratives perceive them as
a significant threat.
The involvement of securitization agents and their discursive actions is a crucial element
of the Rohingya situation's securitization process. Governments, including those in
Myanmar and receiving nations like Indonesia, can significantly enhance security through
formal declarations, regulations, and media communications. Non-state actors, including
Buddhist nationalist groups in Myanmar and local people in Aceh, can influence the
securitization narrative via public discourse, protests, and online speeches. President
Joko Widodo's reaction to the rising influx of Rohingya refugees into Indonesia reflects
his profound skepticism regarding the role of criminal human trafficking syndicates
(Republic of Indonesia Cabinet Secretariat, 2023). The conclusion is that the alignment
of state and non-state actors in framing the Rohingya issue as a security threat amplifies
the securitization process.
Consent from the target market, which may encompass the general public, decision-
makers, or international organizations, is a crucial third component for successful
securitization. The media has a significant impact in molding societal perceptions and
influencing the acceptability of the issue as a serious security threat. The consistency in
depicting the Rohingya crisis throughout media outlets, despite varying editorial
perspectives and political alignments, underscores the prevalent security-focused
framing. An analysis of media narratives reveals a shift from a primary focus on
humanitarian concerns to a heightened emphasis on security threats (BBC, 2023; VOA,
2023).
Nuances and Complexities of Applying Securitization Theory
Securitization theory provides a valuable framework for analyzing the Rohingya crisis;
yet, its application to this particular context necessitates an examination of its subtleties
and complexity. A crucial element to consider is the challenge to prevailing viewpoints in
media discourse over the Rohingya crisis. The coexistence of the "security threat" frame
and the "humanitarian crisis" frame engenders competition and tension, hence affecting
policy decisions. The shift in media reporting reflects this contention, as it initially
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
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A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
362
highlighted the plight of refugees but progressively transitioned to focus on security
concerns (BBC, 2023; VOA, 2023). It is essential to analyze these divergent viewpoints
to comprehend the dynamics of securitization in the Rohingya context.
The interplay between local and global dynamics merits consideration, encompassing
interactions among national governments, regional organizations, and global media
discourse at both local and international levels. The intricacy of this issue stems from the
frequent marginalization of local communities' perspectives, particularly in Aceh, within
media narratives. The inadequate representation of local viewpoints and issues in
mainstream media discourse is corroborated by information from BRIN (2023) and
Human Rights Watch (2024). The absence of varied viewpoints obstructs a
comprehensive comprehension of the circumstances and effects of securitization in
practice.
It is also crucial to acknowledge the varying effects of securitization processes on distinct
groups. Securitization may also marginalize the perspectives and requirements of the
most vulnerable populations, including the Rohingya refugees. This issue arises from the
tendency of securitization narratives to prioritize state security requirements over human
rights issues. Evidence supports the occurrence of forceful evictions and the challenging
living conditions faced by Rohingya refugees in temporary shelters (AFP, 2023; Yuniar,
2023). In conclusion, the use of securitization theory necessitates an examination of
power relations and the potential for exacerbating the marginalization of vulnerable
populations.
Securitization theory offers a valuable perspective for analyzing the formation of threats
about the Rohingya. The Rohingya situation in Aceh exemplifies aspects of securitization,
encompassing the assessment of existential threats, the participation of individuals
engaged in the securitization process, and the endorsement of appropriate authorities.
To apply this theory to the case, we must acknowledge the nuances involved, including
differing views, the interplay of local and global influences, and the disparate effects on
various groups. By examining these components more deeply, we may attain a
comprehensive understanding of the securitization process and its implications, which
will assist us in determining how to aid the Rohingya refugees in Aceh who are facing
difficulties.
Media Frames and Narrative Construction: Shaping Rohingya Discourse in
Aceh
The media has a crucial role in shaping public opinion and policymaking concerning the
intricate Rohingya refugee issue in Aceh. Media frameworks, established via the
construction of certain narratives, possess the capacity to elevate humanitarian issues or
provoke security concerns, so affecting the reception and treatment of refugees. This
section examines various elements of influential language to demonstrate how the usage
and framing of specific words and phrases significantly affect public perceptions regarding
the perceived threat of Rohingya refugees.
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Dominant Frames and Narrative Shifts
The emphasis is on identifying and analyzing three principal media frames—the
humanitarian frame, the security threat frame, and the cultural differences frame—that
influence the discourse on the Rohingya minority in Aceh. These frameworks are being
analyzed for their capacity to influence public opinion, governmental decisions, and the
overarching narrative of the refugee crisis. Current information indicates that a
humanitarian viewpoint portrays Rohingya refugees as individuals who have endured
violence and persecution, emphasizing their suffering and evoking empathy (BBC, 2023).
The primary focus is on the dire circumstances and immediate requirements of refugees
who have endured perilous journeys, with the humanitarian emphasis reinforced by
imagery and narration illustrating the plight of vulnerable populations, including women,
children, and the elderly. The primary focus on humanitarian operations was bolstered
by media coverage highlighting the dire conditions in refugee camps, the lack of essential
resources, and substantial local support and relief efforts (BBC, 2023). The security
threat paradigm characterizes refugees as a menace to national security, highlighting the
dangers of human trafficking, illegal immigration, and extremist infiltration (VOA, 2023).
The cultural differences framework highlights perceived disparities in culture and religion
that may obstruct initiatives aimed at social inclusion (BBC, 2023).
These frameworks ultimately interact and evolve throughout time. Various factors, such
as political events, public sentiment, and global attention, affect the variations in a
specific group's dominance. This dynamic manifests as a rapid surge in refugee arrivals
or a notable security incident that can swiftly alter the narrative, redirecting attention
from a humanitarian viewpoint to a security-focused perspective (AFP, 2023; Yuniar,
2023). This change in narrative was distinctly observed in media coverage, which started
to highlight apprehensions regarding the impact of refugees on social stability, economic
strain, and their possible association with criminal activity (VOA, 2023). Moreover, the
media's amplification of local voices and issues may influence the predominance of
cultural difference frameworks (BBC, 2023). The investigation determines that the
interplay and development of these predominant frameworks influenced the intricate
narrative concerning the Rohingya crisis in Aceh. This has significant implications for
society's comprehension, policy emphasis, and general strategy regarding the refugee
crisis.
Promoting media literacy, endorsing responsible journalism, and amplifying multiple
perspectives are methods to address the complexities arising from this evolving
narrative. The objective is to formulate a more intricate and equitable approach to
addressing the issue, considering humanitarian responsibilities, security factors, and the
necessity of fostering community cohesion. This is seen in the ongoing requirement for
dialogue, collaboration, and commitment to ethical journalism that emphasizes accuracy,
neutrality, and empathy throughout a complex humanitarian crisis (Ratcliffe & Syakriah,
2024). Stakeholders may collaboratively develop a more comprehensive and equitable
narrative that honors the rights and dignity of Rohingya refugees, while simultaneously
addressing the concerns of host communities, by meticulously analyzing the existing
framework and its effects.
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Legitimizing Security Measures
It is crucial to recognize how securitized media narratives can rationalize severe security
measures in response to the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh. This phenomenon arises
when the media portrays Rohingya refugees as a security threat, hence legitimizing
actions that go beyond conventional political conventions. Enhanced border restrictions,
augmented surveillance, and the implementation of arrests and expulsions signify these
phenomena (AFP, 2023; Yuniar, 2023).
Stigmatized media narratives initially generate a sense of urgency and fear to rationalize
extreme measures. The VOA (2023) indicates that the media's persistent emphasis on
potential security threats associated with Rohingya refugees, such as their participation
in human trafficking, illegal immigration, or extremist organizations, heightens public
anxiety and underscores the necessity for immediate and resolute action. This sense of
urgency may justify the enforcement of stringent security measures, notwithstanding
potential infringements on the rights and freedoms of refugees.
Secondly, securitization Media narratives portraying security measures as a response to
the purported threat presented by refugees may legitimize such policies. Ongoing
portrayals of hazards and challenges associated with refugee admissions in the media
may generate public expectation for the government to implement decisive measures to
address these issues (BBC, 2023). This assumption can inform more judicious financial
allocations towards border security, surveillance infrastructure, and other security-
related initiatives, even at the expense of funding programs that assist individuals or
facilitate their integration. Media narratives can normalize and justify security measures
by framing them as a logical and essential response to a perceived danger.
Ultimately, by omitting dissenting perspectives and critiques, securitized media
narratives may also serve to legitimize security measures. When the media
predominantly emphasizes security threats and the necessity for prompt response, it
may marginalize individuals advocating for a more empathetic approach or expressing
concerns regarding the implications of security measures on the rights and welfare of
refugees (Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 202^). The marginalization of the Acehnese populace,
civil society organizations, and local authorities in addressing refugee accommodation is
seen in the little media coverage that examines their perspectives (Viartasiwi & Missbach,
2023). The absence of local viewpoints in media portrayals of the Rohingya issue in Aceh
obstructs a comprehensive understanding of the situation and the development of
inclusive solutions. The adverse effect is the reduction in support and cohesion, along
with the challenges encountered by local governments in addressing the needs of
refugees and host communities (BBC, 2023). In conclusion, the omission of other
perspectives might impede the capacity of activists and civil society organizations to
ensure governmental accountability for any abuses or disproportionate measures
undertaken in the name of security. Conversely, the media possesses an option to foster
a favorable environment without showcasing opposing perspectives of rival viewpoints.
The media, as an influential entity, must recognize its substantial role in shaping public
opinion and endeavor to deliver equitable and accountable reporting by acknowledging
the intricacies of issues and the human rights of all parties concerned.
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
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Influencing Public Opinion and Shaping Attitudes
The media's utilization of narratives and frameworks can cultivate empathy and
compassion or incite fear and animosity. Studies indicate that humanitarian narratives
highlighting the pain and vulnerability of migrants can effectively garner public support
for aid and protection efforts (BBC, 2023). The residents of Aceh shown local solidarity
by supplying food, housing, and other necessities to the refugees. Civil society
organizations have organized to advocate for the rights and welfare of refugees
(Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023). Conversely, narratives around security threats may lead
to negative attitudes, social isolation, and bias (VOA, 2023). Evidence of this
phenomenon is apparent in the augmented security measures adopted by government
entities, including heightened border checks, monitoring activities, and the creation of
refugee camps (Human Rights Watch, 2024).
The media influences public opinion of the Rohingya refugee crisis by selective
information presentation and emphasis on specific aspects, potentially fostering either
acceptance or hostility. The media's consistent focus on the humanitarian adversities
faced by refugees, encompassing detailed accounts of their obstacles and traumas,
fosters empathy and a sense of ethical obligation within the broader populace (BBC,
2023). The potency of these narratives fosters backing for humanitarian efforts,
contributions, and appeals for governmental intervention to safeguard and aid refugees.
Conversely, when the media disproportionately emphasizes potential security issues,
such as criminal behavior or cultural disparities, it engenders dread, worry, and animosity
throughout the populace (VOA, 2023).
The media's language and framing methods can profoundly affect public perception and
engagement with Rohingya refugees. Employing humanizing language, such as
"families," "children," and "individuals," can cultivate sentiments of connection and
empathy, prompting individuals to perceive refugees as fellow humans in need of
assistance (BBC, 2023). The employment of dehumanizing or criminalizing language,
such as “illegal immigrants,” “infiltrators,” or “threats,” engenders notions of
exceptionalism and dread, leading to the stigmatization and marginalization of refugees
(VOA, 2023). The employment of this phrase can significantly influence public opinion,
affecting the perceived worthiness of refugees for empathy.
The media's portrayal of the Rohingya refugee crisis can significantly influence public
opinion and behavior over time. Consistent exposure to narratives that illustrate the
qualities, beneficial effects, and future potential of refugees helps foster a more inclusive
and open society (BBC, 2023). These narratives can challenge and eliminate prejudice,
promote understanding, and enhance public support for policies and programs that
facilitate the assimilation and empowerment of refugees. Conversely, the continual
consumption of news on security dangers perpetuates gloomy beliefs, exacerbates
prejudice, and obstructs the advancement of societal cohesion (VOA, 2023). The
enduring effects of media framing on public perceptions may influence the environment
for refugee reception and their opportunities for reintegration into host communities.
Our conclusion is that public opinion and overall acceptance of Rohingya refugees in Aceh
are significantly shaped by media decisions. They are obligated to provide unbiased,
precise, and thorough reports that consider the intricate realities of the refugee situation.
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Promoting narratives that foster empathy, comprehension, and communal cohesion helps
cultivate a more hospitable and inclusive environment for refugees, while contesting
those that incite fear and division. The media's impact on public perception underscores
the necessity of competent and ethical journalism concerning the Rohingya refugee crisis.
Pressing Policy Decisions
It is crucial to note that governments may face significant pressure from securitized
media coverage to prioritize security concerns over humanitarian responsibilities in
addressing the Rohingya problem. This phenomenon arises as public apprehensions,
magnified by media narratives, influence policy decisions and dictate resource allocation.
A discernible shift in focus towards security measures and border control may lead to a
reallocation of resources away from humanitarian assistance and integration initiatives
(Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023).
Media narratives can affect policy decisions by instilling a sense of urgency in the public
and prompting demands for action. The media frequently discusses security issues
related to Rohingya refugees, particularly their potential involvement with criminal or
extremist organizations, leading the public to anticipate prompt and decisive government
action to mitigate these threats (VOA, 202<). Public pressure may compel governments
to prioritize security activities, like augmenting border patrols, enforcing harsher
screening protocols, or perhaps closing crossings entirely to exhibit their commitment.
Securitized media narratives can influence the allocation of cash and resources in
addressing the Rohingya refugee problem. Media coverage emphasizing security issues
can redirect public attention and government priorities towards efforts aimed at
enhancing border control, surveillance systems, and law enforcement capabilities
(Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023). Emphasizing security may lead to a diversion of resources
from humanitarian aid, including food, shelter, and health care, as well as initiatives that
promote the long-term integration of refugees, such as education, job, and social
inclusion. The media's portrayal of issues can directly affect budgetary decisions and
resource allocation, thereby jeopardizing the fulfillment of the fundamental needs and
rights of refugees.
Subsequently, political discourse and policy deliberations over the Rohingya refugee crisis
may be shaped by media narratives that emphasize security concerns. Characterizing
refugees as a potential threat may restrict the scope of policy discussions and obstruct
the investigation of alternative approaches that prioritize human rights, international law,
and humanitarian principles (Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024). Enduring challenges are seen
in the prolonged resettlement of refugees, restricted access to education and
employment opportunities, and strained relations between refugees and host
communities (Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023). To effectively tackle the challenges faced by
Rohingya refugees in Aceh, it is essential to sustain a long-term commitment to inclusive
dialogue, evidence-based policies, and a framework that emphasizes human rights. A
focus on security may marginalize and diminish the impact of those advocating for more
compassionate and inclusive policies. These policies may encompass measures such as
enhancing legal avenues for refugee protection, devoting money to community-based
integration initiatives, or addressing the root causes of displacement. The media's
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influence on policy discourse can constrain decision-makers' options and skew policy
towards a more restricted and enforcement-oriented paradigm.
Media-driven narratives can shape policy objectives and directly affect the lives of
Rohingya refugees in Aceh. This concludes that media narratives significantly influence
refugees. Policymakers and campaigners must recognize that the media can influence
policy decisions. Consequently, they are obligated to scrutinize media narratives and
advocate for a more equitable and evidence-based approach to addressing refugee
matters. Critiques securitization viewpoints that overlook human rights and humanitarian
considerations, advocating for policies that align with international obligations and
prioritize the safety and welfare of refugees. To facilitate this, funds must be allocated
for educating individuals on effective media utilization and for fostering informed public
discourse that acknowledges the intricacies of forced displacement and the global need
to seek sustainable solutions. The media's influence on governmental decisions
underscores the necessity of responsible and accountable journalism in shaping the
response to the Rohingya refugee crisis.
Navigation Complexity
Understanding the intricate relationship between media coverage and securitization is
essential, as it highlights the challenges associated with addressing the multifaceted
aspects of the refugee issue. Ratcliffe and Syakriah (2024) assert the necessity of
navigating opposing narratives, combating misinformation, and promoting media literacy
to cultivate a more balanced and nuanced comprehension of the issue.
Identifying and addressing the contradictory narratives that shape public discourse
around the Rohingya refugee crisis is crucial for navigating complexity. Humanitarian
tales underscore the adversity faced by refugees, accentuating their pain, vulnerability,
and rights, while appealing for compassion, protection, and assistance (BBC, 2023).
Conversely, security-oriented narratives emphasize national interests, border regulation,
and the potential dangers linked to the influx of refugees (VOA, 2023). Contradictory
narratives can generate discord and division, hindering consensus and the formulation of
effective solutions. To navigate this intricate scenario, we must employ a nuanced
strategy that acknowledges the legitimacy of humanitarian and security concerns while
striving for a balanced solution that upholds human rights and fosters enduring,
sustainable results.
Addressing misinformation that incites hatred, fear, and violence towards Rohingya
refugees is a crucial aspect of tackling complexity. In the contemporary age of social
media, the swift dissemination of information, together with the proliferation of erroneous
or misleading news, can rapidly attain popularity and influence public opinion (Ratcliffe
& Syakriah, 2024). This encompasses exaggerated claims on security threats, baseless
conjectures about criminal conduct, or degrading stereotypes that depict refugees as
encumbering or intrusive. This issue necessitates a proactive and collaborative approach
that engages several stakeholders, including media entities, fact-checking organizations,
civil society groups, and governmental bodies. This entails advocating for accurate and
reliable information, countering deceptive claims, and cultivating a culture of critical
thinking and media literacy throughout the populace.
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Advancing media literacy and ethical journalism in the coverage of the Rohingya refugee
crisis is essential to navigate its complexities. Media literacy is equipping individuals with
the capability and comprehension to meticulously investigate and evaluate media
content, differentiating between factual data, subjective opinions, and propaganda
(Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024). This enables society to render educated assessments and
mitigate the impact of sensationalist or biased journalism. Responsible journalism
necessitates compliance with ethical standards that emphasize honesty, fairness, and
impartiality in reporting on refugee matters. The procedure entails offering contextual
information, presenting many perspectives, and avoiding stereotypes or inciting fear.
Promoting media literacy and ethical journalism helps cultivate a more informed and
productive public discourse over the Rohingya situation. This discourse will transcend
simplistic answers and promote a deeper awareness of the intricate issues faced by
refugees and local communities.
Critical Reflection
An examination of the media framing of the Rohingya refugee crisis and its securitization
in Aceh, Indonesia, uncovers a complex array of interrelated factors that shape public
perception, legislative actions, and the lived realities of refugees. The objective of this
discourse is to consolidate the principal findings and ideas from the research, highlighting
the significant significance of media narratives in the formation and perpetuation of
securitization processes. The reasoning for this is that comprehending the media's
influence is essential in developing ways to alleviate the negative consequences of
securitization and promoting more inclusive and rights-based approaches to safeguard
refugees. Case studies about the influx of Rohingya refugees in Aceh in 2023, coupled
with assessments of media framing and its repercussions, underscore the pressing
necessity to critically assess the media's role and advocate for responsible journalism
(BBC, 2023; Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023; Human Rights Institute, 2024).
This research's primary finding is that media narratives are fluid and possess the capacity
to progressively alter public opinion and policy priorities. The primary concept is that the
initial focus on humanitarian issues in media reports regarding the entrance of Rohingya
refugees in Aceh progressively transitioned to a security-oriented viewpoint that
underscored the potential dangers and risks linked to their stay. This shift may result
from various factors, including the extended duration of the crisis, the strain on local
resources, and the influence of political and public discourse. The shift in narrative is
seen in the prevalence of security themes throughout media coverage, encompassing
concerns regarding societal stability, economic difficulties, and potential criminal activity
(VOA, 2023).
This research reveals the media's role in normalizing and legitimizing extreme acts and
policies in response to security threats. Media coverage emphasizing security facilitates
restrictive and discriminatory measures that may infringe upon the rights and welfare of
refugees. Depicting refugees as potential security threats can heighten public
apprehension and compel authorities to prioritize security concerns over humanitarian
responsibilities. This phenomenon is manifested by the enforcement of stringent border
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laws, the establishment of restricted refugee camps, and the imposition of limitations on
access to critical services and food procurement (Human Rights Watch, 2024).
This analysis also highlights the necessity of elevating varied perspectives in media
coverage on the plight of Rohingya refugees in Aceh. The inadequate portrayal of local
perspectives and the marginalization of refugee experiences in media narratives obstruct
a comprehensive understanding of the situation and the development of inclusive
solutions. This transpires due to an absence of perspective, resulting in an
oversimplification of the situation and the reinforcement of prejudices and
misconceptions concerning refugees and local people. The adverse effects of insufficient
local media coverage are apparent in the polarization of public opinion, diminishing
support and cohesion, and the challenges encountered by local governments in meeting
the needs of refugees and host communities (BBC, 2023; Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023).
This analysis demonstrates that integrating diverse viewpoints from local residents and
refugees is crucial in media reporting to promote a comprehensive and nuanced public
discourse on the Rohingya refugee crisis in Aceh.
Additionally, this study underscores the significance of media literacy and the cultivation
of ethical journalism concerning the Rohingya refugee situation in Aceh, acknowledging
the media's capacity to shape public opinion and affect policy. Consequently, the media
must prioritize honesty, justice, and the safeguarding of human rights. Biased or
sensational journalism can intensify the isolation and persecution of refugees, while
simultaneously diminishing public faith in the media. The significance of responsible
journalism is exemplified by media and journalists striving to provide unbiased and
thorough coverage of the Rohingya refugee crisis, highlighting individual stories and the
complexities of the issue (Ratcliffe & Syakriah, 2024). To mitigate the adverse effects of
securitization and foster a more informed and compassionate public discourse, it is
essential to emphasize the enhancement of media literacy and the promotion of
responsible journalism.
Furthermore, this study also underscores the necessity for a holistic and multi-faceted
approach to tackle the challenges confronting Rohingya refugees in Aceh and beyond. A
crucial point to emphasize is that the intricate interplay among media narratives, public
perceptions, governmental responses, and the genuine experiences of refugees
necessitates collaborative and ongoing efforts from all stakeholders concerned. The
securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis is driven not only by media coverage but
also by overarching social, political, and economic forces. The necessity for a holistic
strategy is apparent due to the persistent challenges faced by refugees, such as
prolonged resettlement, restricted access to education and employment, and strained
connections with host communities (Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023). To adequately address
the enduring needs of Rohingya refugees in Aceh and promote a holistic, human rights-
centered strategy for refugee protection, it is essential to engage and collaborate with
media representatives, policymakers, civil society organizations, and the refugee
community. All parties involved must be vigilant and take action in addressing this
intricate and varied situation. The interrelation of media narratives, public perceptions,
policy responses, and the actual experiences of refugees is the primary reason, and fixing
these elements cannot occur in isolation. Numerous evidentiary sources underscore the
necessity of enacting initiatives that promote transparent and unbiased journalism,
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counter misinformation, elevate refugee perspectives, and foster dialogue and
comprehension between refugees and host communities (Viartasiwi & Missbach, 2023;
Human Rights Watch, 2024; BBC, 2023).
This study offers substantial insight into the intricate processes that shape public
perceptions, policy actions, and refugee experiences. This study highlights the
significance of media narratives in developing and perpetuating the securitization
process, along with the detrimental effects of insufficient local news coverage and the
omission of alternative viewpoints. The research findings underscore the significance of
media literacy advocacy, ethical journalism, and enhancing refugee narratives to mitigate
the detrimental effects of securitization and promote a more informed and compassionate
public discourse. To effectively tackle the challenges encountered by Rohingya refugees
in Aceh and other areas, it is crucial to implement a comprehensive and cooperative
approach that prioritizes human rights, inclusive solutions, and the active participation
of refugee communities in shaping their own destinies.
Conclusion
This research primarily reveals the impact of media narratives on public views, policy
responses, and the lived realities of Rohingya refugees in Aceh, Indonesia. An
examination of media framing and securitization processes uncovers intricate linkages
among components that shape and perpetuate security-centric narratives, which
profoundly affect the treatment and welfare of refugees. The case study of the Rohingya
refugees' arrival in Aceh in 2023 illustrates the evolution of media narratives,
transitioning from an emphasis on humanitarian concerns to a predominant focus on
security considerations. The media's presentation of information endorses and legitimizes
extreme actions and policies that may infringe upon refugees' rights, thereby
undermining public support and cohesion. This study underscores the necessity of
enhancing different viewpoints, promoting critical media analysis, and endorsing ethical
journalism to mitigate the detrimental impacts of securitization and cultivate a more
informed and sympathetic public discourse.
This research greatly enhances the field of media and refugee studies by doing a thorough
examination of the media's role in the securitization of the Rohingya refugee crisis in
Aceh, Indonesia. This study extends prior scientific investigations by examining the
particular circumstances of Rohingya refugees in Aceh and the alterations in media
narratives that arise upon their arrival in 2023. The research offers extensive insight into
intricate dynamics through a diverse analytical methodology that integrates discourse
analysis, case studies, and document analysis. These findings offer significant insights
into wider debates concerning media framing, securitization, and refugee protection.
They underscore the significance of critically evaluating media narratives and
comprehending their impact on public views and governmental choices. This research
underscores the necessity of promoting media literacy, ethical journalism, and amplifying
multiple perspectives to mitigate the detrimental effects of securitization and foster a
more inclusive, rights-oriented approach to refugee protection.
This research has notable limitations that must be recognized, despite its significant
contributions. This challenge emerges from the limited focus of the research, which
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exclusively investigates the situation of Rohingya refugees in Aceh, Indonesia.
Consequently, the generalizability of this research's findings to other refugee contexts or
media environments may be constrained. Subsequent inquiry might analyze the media's
role in framing the refugee crisis as a security concern across many geographic, political,
and cultural contexts to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of this
phenomenon. This research predominantly used qualitative approaches, including
conversation analysis and document analysis, which are vulnerable to researcher
interpretation and potential bias. Employing quantitative approaches, such as content
analysis or survey research, allows for the triangulation of findings and the acquisition of
a more thorough understanding of public opinion and sentiment towards Rohingya
refugees in Aceh. This research will be augmented by including primary data, including
interviews with journalists, policymakers, and refugees. This will offer a more thorough
comprehension of their experiences and viewpoints concerning the media's impact on the
discourse related to the Rohingya refugee problem.
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JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL. 16, Nº. 1
May-October 2025, pp. 355-375
The Role of Media in the Securitization of the Rohingya Refugee Issue in Aceh, 2023:
A Comprehensive Analysis
Elpeni Fitrah, Arnendya Putri Fadzria, Muhammad Yamin
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