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Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL15, N.º 2, TD1
Thematic Dossier – Brazil-China relations:
The rise of modern International Order
December 2024
60
STRENGTHENING SINO-BRAZILIAN RELATIONS THROUGH BRICS:
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS
MOHAMAD ZREIK
zreik@mail.sysu.edu.cn
Postdoctoral Fellow at Sun Yat-sen University (China). His published works has focused on
China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its Arab-region impact. Presently, he furthers his research on
China’s soft power diplomacy tactics at Sun Yat-sen University.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-6529.
Abstract
This paper examines the role of the BRICS alliance, particularly focusing on how it serves as
a platform for enhancing relations between China and Brazil, and explores the future
development prospects within this framework. By analyzing bilateral trade agreements,
cultural exchanges, and political collaborations initiated under the BRICS umbrella, the study
identifies key areas where both nations have significantly benefited. It highlights the strategic
importance of these relations in the context of global geopolitics and economic shifts.
Furthermore, the paper discusses the impact of these enhanced ties on regional development,
technology transfer, and sustainable growth initiatives. It argues that the strengthened
partnership not only promotes mutual development but also facilitates a broader South-South
cooperation, positioning BRICS as a crucial player in shaping a multipolar world order. The
findings suggest that sustained focus on cooperation in areas like renewable energy,
agricultural technology, and digital innovation can lead to substantial progress and stability in
the region.
Keywords
BRICS, Sino-Brazilian Relations, Global Geopolitics, Sustainable Development, South-South
Cooperation.
Resumo
Este artigo examina o papel da aliança BRICS, concentrando-se particularmente na forma
como ela serve como plataforma para melhorar as relações entre a China e o Brasil, e explora
as perspectivas futuras de desenvolvimento dentro deste quadro. Ao analisar acordos
comerciais bilaterais, intercâmbios culturais e colaborações políticas iniciadas sob a égide dos
BRICS, o estudo identifica áreas-chave onde ambas as nações beneficiaram
significativamente. Destaca a importância estratégica destas relações no contexto da
geopolítica global e das mudanças económicas. Além disso, o documento discute o impacto
destes laços reforçados no desenvolvimento regional, na transferência de tecnologia e nas
iniciativas de crescimento sustentável. Argumenta que a parceria reforçada não só promove
o desenvolvimento mútuo, mas também facilita uma cooperação Sul-Sul mais ampla,
posicionando os BRICS, como um interveniente crucial na formação de uma ordem mundial
multipolar. As conclusões sugerem que o foco sustentado na cooperação em áreas como as
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
61
energias renováveis, a tecnologia agrícola e a inovação digital pode levar a um progresso
substancial e à estabilidade na região.
Palavras-chave
BRICS, Relações Sino-Brasileiras, Geopolítica Global, Desenvolvimento Sustentável,
Cooperação Sul-Sul.
How to cite this article
Zreik, Mohamad (2024). Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics: Development
Prospects and Strategic Partnerships. Janus.net, e-journal of international relations. VOL 15 N.º 2,
TD1 – Temathic Dossier – “Brazil - China Relations: The Rise Of Modern International Order”.
December 2024, pp. 60-79. https://doi.org/10.26619/1647-7251.DT0324.3.
Article received on 21 August 2024 and accepted for publication on 30 September 2024.
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
62
STRENGTHENING SINO-BRAZILIAN RELATIONS THROUGH BRICS:
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS
MOHAMAD ZREIK
1. Introduction
Sino-Brazilian relations have gained increasing prominence in recent years as both
nations have solidified their partnership through economic, cultural, and strategic
collaboration (Hooijmaaijers, 2021). As China emerges as the world's second-largest
economy and Brazil stands as the largest economy in Latin America, the cooperative
relationship between these two giants is vital for their respective growth and influence.
Their cooperation extends beyond traditional trade relations to areas like technology
transfer, cultural exchanges, and joint strategies on global issues. The BRICS alliance,
which includes Russia, India, and South Africa alongside China and Brazil, has been
instrumental in strengthening these ties (Lagutina, 2019; Stuenkel, 2020). Initially
formed as an informal grouping of emerging economies, BRICS has developed into a
strategic platform that allows member nations to coordinate efforts and address global
challenges (Arapova, 2019). Within this framework, China and Brazil have found a space
to align their interests and emphasize sustainable development, enhancing their bilateral
ties while leveraging their influence on regional and global matters.
The objectives of this study are to analyze how the BRICS framework strengthens Sino-
Brazilian relations and supports broader development goals for both nations. It seeks to
examine how China and Brazil use BRICS to deepen economic, political, and cultural ties,
investigate the effects of this partnership on global geopolitics and sustainable growth
initiatives, and identify key areas for further cooperation, particularly in renewable
energy, agricultural technology, and digital innovation. Furthermore, the study aims to
underscore BRICS's role in fostering a more balanced and inclusive world order.
Policymakers, scholars, and business leaders can gain valuable insights into the evolving
dynamics of international politics and economics through this analysis.
This paper will begin by exploring the historical background of the BRICS alliance and its
role in shaping Sino-Brazilian relations. It will then review the existing literature to
establish a theoretical foundation for the analysis. The study will delve into key areas
where BRICS has facilitated significant collaboration between China and Brazil, focusing
on bilateral trade agreements, cultural exchanges, and political partnerships. It will then
JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations
e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
63
examine the impact of these strengthened ties on regional development, technology
transfer, and sustainable growth initiatives, emphasizing their significance for Latin
America, Asia, and beyond. The paper will also explore the strategic importance of this
partnership in the context of global geopolitics and South-South cooperation, illustrating
how BRICS provides emerging economies with a voice in global governance.
Finally, the paper will explore future development prospects, identifying potential areas
for further cooperation and offering recommendations for deepening partnerships while
addressing future challenges. The conclusion will summarize key findings and reaffirm
the strategic importance of BRICS for Sino-Brazilian relations and global cooperation.
2. Methodology
This study adopts a qualitative research methodology, combining both a literature review
and case study analysis to explore the strengthening of Sino-Brazilian relations through
the BRICS framework. The literature review includes scholarly articles, policy papers, and
reports from international organizations, focusing on the economic, cultural, and political
dimensions of Sino-Brazilian cooperation. Additionally, case studies on bilateral trade
agreements, cultural exchanges, and strategic partnerships in areas like renewable
energy and technology transfer are examined to provide an in-depth understanding of
how these initiatives are facilitated within the BRICS framework. This approach allows
for a comprehensive analysis of the impacts and future prospects of Sino-Brazilian
cooperation, while also identifying potential challenges and opportunities for further
collaboration.
3. Background of BRICS and Sino-Brazilian Relations
The concept of BRICS emerged in the early 2000s when economist Jim O’Neill coined the
term to represent Brazil, Russia, India, and China as the world’s rapidly growing
economies (Kiely, 2015). South Africa was later included in the grouping in 2010,
transforming BRIC into BRICS (Asuelime & Jethro, 2013). The alliance started as an
informal grouping focused on economic collaboration but quickly gained importance as a
platform for emerging economies to coordinate policies on global economic and political
issues. BRICS has since evolved into an influential entity with annual summits and
multilateral initiatives, such as the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve
Arrangement (Qobo & Soko, 2015; Batista Jr, 2021). The aim was to create an alternative
to Western-dominated institutions, providing a forum for these nations to advocate for a
more inclusive and multipolar global order (Chakraborty, 2018).
China and Brazil are pivotal members of the BRICS group. China is the world's most
populous nation and the second-largest economy, characterized by rapid economic
growth and industrialization over the past four decades. It has a significant influence on
global trade and investment, particularly in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Koveos &
Zhang, 2023). Politically, China's global influence is expanding through initiatives like the
Belt and Road Initiative (Lewin & Witt, 2022). Culturally, it seeks to promote its language
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
64
and values abroad through Confucius Institutes and other soft power initiatives (Zreik,
2024).
Brazil, on the other hand, is Latin America’s largest economy and plays a leading role in
regional political and economic affairs. Its diverse economy is driven by agriculture,
mining, energy, and manufacturing (Bernal-Meza, 2022). As a major exporter of
agricultural products, Brazil has an extensive trade network that complements China's
needs for raw materials and food (Oliveira & Schneider, 2016). Politically, Brazil seeks to
expand its global presence and foster regional integration. Culturally, Brazil promotes its
vibrant and diverse heritage to the world, aligning with China's soft power interests in
promoting mutual understanding (Samson & Sandroni, 2013).
The formation of BRICS has been instrumental in strengthening Sino-Brazilian ties
(Batista Barbosa, 2021). Through this alliance, both nations have found common ground
to promote their economic interests and engage in strategic dialogues. China and Brazil
share complementary economic structures, which has facilitated their growing trade
partnership. China became Brazil's largest trading partner in 2009, driven by Brazilian
exports of agricultural products and minerals, and imports of Chinese machinery,
electronics, and consumer goods (Jenkins, 2012).
Politically, the BRICS framework allows China and Brazil to align their diplomatic efforts
on key global issues, such as reforming international financial institutions, advocating for
climate change mitigation, and promoting sustainable development (Sampene et al.,
2021). Their cooperation through BRICS has also facilitated partnerships in areas like
technology transfer, infrastructure investment, and educational exchanges. For instance,
the New Development Bank, headquartered in Shanghai, has funded infrastructure
projects that benefit both nations and other developing countries (Wang, 2019).
Culturally, BRICS has promoted mutual understanding between China and Brazil through
various cultural exchanges and educational programs (Chang, Chen & Xiong, 2018). Both
nations have shown a willingness to celebrate their diversity while fostering people-to-
people connections through initiatives like student exchanges, joint research, and arts
collaborations.
4. Literature Review
The literature on BRICS's impact in international politics and economics is rich with
analyses that explore its potential to redefine global governance. Scholars like Cooper
and Öniş & Kutlay (2020) have extensively discussed the strategic significance of BRICS
in challenging the dominance of Western powers within global institutions. They highlight
the alliance's advocacy for reforms in the United Nations Security Council and its push
for greater representation in international financial institutions, arguing that BRICS is
transforming into a pivotal political force for a more balanced world order.
Economically, Hooijmaaijers (2021) provide insights into how economic synergies among
BRICS countries are reshaping global trade and investment flows. His research points to
a substantial increase in intra-BRICS trade, which has diversified economic dependencies
away from traditional Western markets. Furthermore, the establishment of the New
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
65
Development Bank in 2015, as he notes, marks a significant move towards financial
independence, offering alternative funding sources for infrastructure projects in
developing countries.
In terms of South-South cooperation, Cooper (2017) analyzes how BRICS leverages its
collective capacity to support sustainable development initiatives across the Global
South. He emphasizes the role of the Contingent Reserve Arrangement in providing
financial stability to BRICS nations, alongside promoting technological and cultural
exchanges that enhance mutual development.
Kim & Tromp (2021) examine the increasing trade volume between the two countries,
emphasizing how China’s rise to Brazil’s largest trading partner has transformed their
economic relationship. They argue that China's high demand for Brazilian raw materials,
particularly soybeans, iron ore, and oil, has significantly benefited Brazil’s export-oriented
economy. However, the authors also caution that this dependence on commodities makes
Brazil vulnerable to fluctuations in Chinese demand.
Da Silva Medina & Pokorny (2022) delve into the diversification of bilateral trade, noting
the gradual shift from primarily commodities to value-added products. They assert that
while China's growing middle class provides new opportunities for Brazilian exporters in
sectors like agribusiness and food processing, Brazil still faces the challenge of increasing
its competitiveness in higher-value manufacturing sectors to fully benefit from this
relationship.
Zhang & Chen (2021) explore the political aspects of Sino-Brazilian trade relations,
particularly how both nations leverage the BRICS platform to advocate for fairer global
trade rules. Their research indicates that BRICS collaboration has facilitated dialogue and
understanding between the two nations, leading to smoother negotiations on bilateral
agreements and reducing trade barriers. However, they also highlight that China's pursuit
of strategic investments in Brazilian infrastructure and energy sectors can create tensions
due to concerns about sovereignty and competition.
In addition, Jenne (2021) analyze the broader implications of Sino-Brazilian trade for
regional integration and South-South cooperation. She emphasizes that China's
investments in Brazilian infrastructure and manufacturing have helped stimulate
economic growth and regional development in Latin America, promoting greater
integration through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative.
Scholars like Lugo-Ocando (2020) discuss South-South cooperation as a counter-
narrative to the historical dominance of North-South aid structures. He argues that the
principles of mutual respect, solidarity, and shared development underpin these
partnerships, differentiating them from traditional aid frameworks. South-South
cooperation is seen as a way for developing countries to collectively negotiate for fairer
terms in global trade, finance, and governance.
In the context of strategic partnerships, Keukeleire & Hooijmaaijers (2014) explore the
role of regional organizations and alliances like BRICS in promoting development
objectives. They argue that these partnerships enable emerging economies to combine
their strengths and promote common agendas, such as climate change adaptation,
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
66
poverty reduction, and technological transfer. BRICS, in particular, serves as an
influential platform where members align their diplomatic strategies to shape global
policy reforms.
Wolfe (2010) offers an analysis of how strategic partnerships foster resilience among
emerging economies. He examines the Contingent Reserve Arrangement and the New
Development Bank, noting that these financial tools provide crucial support during
economic downturns. Such mechanisms have become pillars of economic cooperation
within BRICS, enabling member countries to pursue long-term infrastructural and
technological projects that underpin growth.
Furthermore, De Moortel & Crispeels (2018) explores how strategic partnerships facilitate
technology transfer and innovation. He emphasizes that knowledge-sharing in renewable
energy, agriculture, and digital innovation accelerates development while reducing
dependence on Western technologies.
5. Key Areas of Sino-Brazilian Cooperation within BRICS
5.1. Bilateral Trade Agreements
China and Brazil have developed an increasingly robust trade relationship, particularly
since the early 21st century (Siddiqui, 2016). Their partnership is cemented through
several bilateral trade agreements that focus on reducing trade barriers and promoting
economic cooperation. The two countries are members of the BRICS alliance, which has
become a significant platform for advancing their trade interests. In addition to their
cooperation within BRICS, they have signed agreements that span various sectors. A
notable example is the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Investment and Trade
Promotion signed in 2004, which paved the way for greater investment and economic
collaboration (Eberling, 2017). The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, formalized in
2012, strengthened economic ties and established frameworks for dialogue on energy,
agriculture, infrastructure, and financial services. As a result of these agreements, China
has emerged as Brazil's largest trading partner, surpassing the United States in 2009
(Cardoso, 2013).
The BRICS framework has played a pivotal role in accelerating Sino-Brazilian trade
growth and diversification. China imports a substantial volume of commodities from
Brazil, primarily soybeans, iron ore, and crude oil (Casanova, Xia & Ferreira, 2016). These
imports fulfill China's domestic demand for food security and raw materials to sustain its
industrial growth. Brazil, in turn, imports a significant amount of Chinese machinery,
electronics, and manufactured goods, which bolster its manufacturing capabilities
(Eichengreen & Tong, 2006).
Beyond the traditional commodity sectors, both countries have made strides in
diversifying their trade portfolios. China has shown growing interest in Brazilian
agricultural products, such as beef and poultry, while Brazilian companies have tapped
into China's consumer electronics and automotive markets (Blanchard, 2019).
Additionally, their partnership within BRICS has enabled the New Development Bank to
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
67
fund infrastructure projects in Brazil, promoting broader economic growth and attracting
Chinese investments in energy, mining, and logistics (Yarygina & Krylova, 2023).
Despite the remarkable growth in bilateral trade, several challenges and opportunities
persist in further strengthening Sino-Brazilian economic relations. One significant
challenge is Brazil's heavy dependence on commodity exports to China, which makes the
country vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand and prices. Such reliance can
adversely affect Brazil’s economy during downturns or shifts in Chinese consumption
patterns. Moreover, concerns exist about Brazil’s trade deficit in manufactured goods
with China, given that many Brazilian industries struggle to compete with lower-priced
Chinese products (Wise, 2016).
Another challenge lies in regulatory barriers and differing standards between the two
nations. Brazilian exporters often face hurdles complying with Chinese import
regulations, while Chinese investors encounter bureaucratic delays in securing approvals
for their projects in Brazil (Méndez & Turzi, 2020). Furthermore, geopolitical tensions and
the diversification of supply chains could lead to protectionist policies that hinder free
trade.
Despite these challenges, significant opportunities for expanding and diversifying
bilateral trade relations exist. Both nations have the potential to collaborate further in
areas like renewable energy, digital infrastructure, and technological innovation. Brazil’s
vast renewable energy resources and China's expertise in solar and wind technology
provide a perfect foundation for strategic partnerships in clean energy. Likewise,
opportunities in agribusiness can be further explored as China seeks sustainable sources
of food and Brazil seeks to add value to its agricultural products (Oliveira & Schneider,
2016).
Moreover, joint initiatives to improve transport and logistics infrastructure can enhance
trade efficiency between the two economies, and cooperation within BRICS can help
address the financing gaps for such projects. Through consistent dialogue and mutual
trust, China and Brazil can continue to unlock the untapped potential of their strategic
economic partnership while ensuring sustainable growth for both economies (Scoones et.
al., 2016).
5.2. Cultural Exchanges
China and Brazil have recognized the value of cultural exchanges in deepening their
diplomatic relationship, and various initiatives have been implemented to foster mutual
understanding. These efforts aim to promote a rich exchange of values, traditions, and
artistic expression that goes beyond the economic sphere. One prominent initiative is the
establishment of Confucius Institutes across Brazil, which provide a platform for Brazilian
students to learn the Chinese language and gain insight into Chinese culture and history
(Li & Xiaohong, 2016). This has helped raise awareness and appreciation of Chinese
customs and philosophies, and the programs also encourage academic exchanges,
enabling Brazilian students and researchers to study in China.
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
68
Brazil, in turn, has promoted its vibrant cultural heritage through events like the Brazilian
Carnival and film festivals hosted in Beijing and Shanghai. Brazilian embassies and
consulates often organize art exhibitions, music performances, and food festivals to
showcase the country’s multicultural identity. Additionally, tourism and travel exchanges
have grown significantly, facilitated by visa waivers and streamlined travel policies
between the two nations. Cultural understanding has also been enhanced through
collaboration in sports, as seen in the popularity of Brazilian football in China and the
exchange programs set up during events like the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics
(Júnior & Rodrigues, 2023).
Furthermore, academic institutions and think tanks from both countries have been
actively fostering collaboration through joint research projects, seminars, and
conferences focused on topics ranging from history and anthropology to technology and
economics (Lugo-Ocando, 2020). Such partnerships build an intellectual bridge that
deepens mutual understanding.
These cultural exchanges have profoundly influenced diplomatic relations between China
and Brazil by creating a foundation of mutual respect and trust. Through the Confucius
Institutes and language exchange programs, Brazilians have gained a better
understanding of China's social norms and historical context, dispelling myths and
misconceptions that often arise due to geographic and linguistic barriers. This has
contributed to a more positive perception of China in Brazil, easing diplomatic dialogues
and enhancing cooperation across various sectors (Li & Xiaohong, 2016).
Similarly, China's growing appreciation for Brazilian culture has strengthened the
countries' diplomatic ties. Events like Brazilian Carnival in China and Brazilian-themed
festivals have sparked interest among Chinese citizens in Brazilian arts, music, and sports
(Spooner, 2016). This cultural admiration has translated into improved people-to-people
connections and a welcoming environment for Brazilian businesses seeking to expand
into the Chinese market.
These exchanges have also helped both nations identify common values and goals. For
instance, their shared passion for sports, particularly football, has paved the way for
cooperation in youth development programs, while their academic collaborations have
fostered policy dialogues on sustainable development and poverty reduction. Joint
research initiatives have also led to innovative solutions that align with each country's
aspirations (Jenne, 2021).
Moreover, cultural understanding has proven instrumental in reducing diplomatic
tensions and preventing miscommunications, especially during negotiations on sensitive
issues like trade barriers and foreign investment policies. By highlighting shared values
and fostering goodwill, these exchanges have helped both nations focus on collaborative
opportunities rather than areas of disagreement (Méndez & Turzi, 2020).
5.3. Political Collaboration
Within the BRICS framework, China and Brazil have found considerable alignment in their
political agendas and policies, advocating for a multipolar world order that emphasizes
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December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
69
fairness and inclusivity. Both nations share a common understanding of the importance
of reforming international institutions to better reflect the interests and aspirations of
developing countries. They argue that the existing frameworks, largely dominated by
Western powers, no longer represent the current geopolitical landscape (Flint & Xiaotong,
2019).
China and Brazil have consistently advocated for reforms in international financial
institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, calling for a
more equitable distribution of voting rights. They emphasize the need to increase the
representation of emerging economies to ensure that global economic governance aligns
with contemporary realities. In this regard, they actively collaborate on economic
strategies that counterbalance Western dominance, such as developing the New
Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement to provide alternative
sources of financing for developing nations (Biziwick, Cattaneo & Fryer, 2015).
On the political front, both countries call for greater inclusivity in the United Nations
Security Council, where Brazil aspires to obtain permanent membership. China, with its
significant diplomatic influence, supports Brazil’s candidacy as part of its vision for a more
representative and balanced Security Council (Garcia & Coelho, 2018). Furthermore, the
BRICS nations collectively advocate for climate change mitigation, peace, and sustainable
development, emphasizing the need for greater cooperation among emerging economies
(Kıprızlı & Köstem, 2022).
Beyond their collaboration within BRICS, China and Brazil have pursued joint diplomatic
efforts on various regional and global platforms. In Latin America, China has steadily
expanded its diplomatic footprint, with Brazil serving as a gateway for these efforts. Both
nations work together to advance South-South cooperation by fostering economic
partnerships with other Latin American countries. This includes investments in
infrastructure projects, renewable energy, and technology transfer that contribute to
regional integration and sustainable development (Wang et al., 2020).
China has deepened its relationship with the Community of Latin American and Caribbean
States (CELAC) through regular ministerial meetings and policy dialogues, a move that
aligns with Brazil's broader foreign policy interests in the region (De Souza & Cavalcante,
2017). As a result, Brazil and China have been instrumental in shaping regional economic
policies that promote infrastructure connectivity and sustainable growth.
On global platforms like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, the two
nations present a united front in advocating for developing economies. They are vocal
proponents of trade liberalization that addresses imbalances, particularly those impacting
agricultural exports. China has often supported Brazil in its efforts to challenge unfair
trade practices, while Brazil aligns with China's pursuit of economic openness and
technological innovation (Casanova, Xia & Ferreira, 2016).
In Africa, both nations share a common interest in sustainable development. Their joint
diplomatic engagements aim to address critical challenges such as food security, poverty
alleviation, and health. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) includes Brazil as a
cooperative partner, offering opportunities for collaboration in energy, transportation,
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
VOL 15 N.º 2, TD 1
Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
70
and manufacturing that benefit multiple regions (Montoya, Delgado & Kaltenecker,
2019).
6. Impact on Regional Development and Strategic Partnerships
6.1. Technology Transfer
The collaborative efforts between China and Brazil in technology transfer and research
and development (R&D) are crucial elements of their strategic partnership. Both nations
recognize that technological innovation is a driving force behind economic growth and
sustainable development. They have actively pursued joint projects that leverage their
respective strengths to foster innovation in various sectors (Casanova, Xia & Ferreira,
2016).
A significant manifestation of this collaboration is the China-Brazil Earth Resources
Satellite (CBERS) program, a landmark initiative that began in 1988 and has launched
multiple remote sensing satellites to monitor Earth's resources (Furtado & Filho, 2003).
By sharing satellite imagery, the program provides both nations with valuable data on
agriculture, forestry, water resources, and disaster management. This data-sharing
initiative enhances their technological capacities and enables them to better manage
environmental and developmental challenges.
Furthermore, both nations have established research partnerships between universities,
research institutes, and private enterprises. The Sino-Brazilian Joint Laboratory for High-
Speed Rail Technology is one such partnership that seeks to exchange expertise in high-
speed rail development (Ueta, Alencastro & Pinheiro-Machado, 2023). This project aims
to modernize Brazil’s rail network, reduce logistics costs, and promote sustainable
transportation solutions. In the energy sector, Chinese companies have been actively
involved in helping Brazil harness its immense renewable energy potential, particularly
in hydropower, wind, and solar energy (Hochstetler & Kostka, 2015). Collaborative
research in biotechnology and digital technology has also been pursued to bolster
agricultural productivity and industrial automation (Au & Da Silva, 2021).
These technology transfer initiatives present immense potential for improving the
technological competitiveness of both China and Brazil. For Brazil, the transfer of Chinese
expertise in infrastructure development, high-speed rail, and renewable energy can
significantly enhance its technological capabilities (Au & Da Silva, 2021). This would
modernize Brazil's transportation and energy infrastructure and improve logistics,
productivity, and access to international markets.
In return, China benefits from Brazil's expertise in agricultural technology, which plays a
critical role in ensuring food security. Brazil's advancements in developing genetically
modified crops and improving agricultural practices provide valuable knowledge that can
enhance China's food production (Casanova, Xia & Ferreira, 2016). By incorporating
Brazilian agricultural technologies, China can ensure a stable and sustainable food supply
to meet its growing domestic demands.
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e-ISSN: 1647-7251
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Thematic Dossier
Brazil-China relations: The rise of modern International Order
December 2024, pp. 60-79
Strengthening Sino-Brazilian Relations Through Brics:
Development Prospects and Strategic Partnerships
Mohamad Zreik
71
Moreover, joint research initiatives lay the foundation for technological breakthroughs
that can improve global competitiveness. The synergy between China's advanced
manufacturing and digital infrastructure and Brazil's innovative agricultural and energy
solutions can create new growth opportunities in various high-tech sectors. As both
countries continue to prioritize digital transformation, the collaboration between their
tech industries can open new markets for high-value products and services, from AI and
data analytics to smart agriculture and green energy (Chang, Chen & Xiong, 2018).
6.2. Sustainable Growth Initiatives
China and Brazil have recognized renewable energy as a cornerstone of sustainable
growth, and their collaboration in this sector has yielded significant progress and future
potential. Brazil's extensive natural resources offer abundant opportunities for renewable
energy production, especially in hydropower, wind, and solar energy. China, a global
leader in renewable energy technology, has provided technical expertise, investment,
and equipment to help Brazil unlock its renewable energy potential (Rizzi, van Eck & Frey,
2014).
In hydropower, China has made notable investments in Brazilian projects, sharing its
expertise in constructing and managing dams. State-owned companies like China Three
Gorges Corporation have acquired stakes in Brazilian hydropower plants, enhancing
Brazil's energy grid stability and efficiency. Wind energy is another area where their
collaboration is evident. Chinese firms like Goldwind have partnered with Brazilian
counterparts to establish wind farms in resource-rich regions, supplying advanced
turbines and technology to increase Brazil's clean energy capacity (Rubio & Jáuregui,
2022).
Solar energy also holds promising prospects due to Brazil's favorable climate and
expansive land area. The two countries have worked on knowledge transfer and capacity
building in photovoltaic (PV) technology (De Souza & Cavalcante, 2017). China's
expertise in mass-producing solar panels and Brazil's commitment to expanding its solar
infrastructure could accelerate renewable energy adoption.
Agricultural technology forms another critical aspect of the sustainable growth initiatives
between China and Brazil. Brazil is a global agricultural powerhouse, providing substantial
volumes of soybeans, beef, poultry, and other products to China, which has rapidly
expanded its imports to meet growing domestic demand (Xu et. al., 2016).
China has sought to learn from Brazil's advancements in agricultural technology,
particularly in sustainable farming practices and biotechnology. This collaboration has led
to projects focused on improving crop yields and disease resistance through genetic
modification. Brazilian research institutions have shared techniques for reducing
deforestation and soil degradation while maximizing productivity, vital in ensuring
sustainable agricultural growth (Scoones et. al., 2016).
In return, Chinese companies have shared expertise in mechanization and irrigation
technologies, helping Brazilian farmers increase their efficiency and reduce water
consumption (Xu et al., 2016). By jointly investing in research and development, both
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countries are working to diversify crop production, improve food security, and establish
resilient supply chains less affected by climate variability and market disruptions.
Moreover, initiatives such as the China-Brazil Agricultural Technology Demonstration
Park aim to provide practical, field-based solutions to farmers by demonstrating best
practices and innovative technologies (Scoones et al., 2016). This cooperation not only
improves agricultural sustainability but also contributes to rural development by
providing technical training and creating employment opportunities.
6.3. Regional Development
The strengthening of Sino-Brazilian relations through BRICS has significant socio-
economic implications for both Latin America and Asia. Brazil and China serve as
gateways for regional development, using their extensive networks to promote growth,
investment, and cooperation across continents (Wise, 2016).
In Latin America, Brazil is a dominant economic force, and its partnership with China
opens new avenues for growth across the region. China's increasing investment in
infrastructure, manufacturing, and resource extraction not only enhances Brazil's
economic standing but also generates spillover benefits for neighboring countries.
Investments in road, rail, and port infrastructure make Latin American markets more
accessible to Asia, boosting trade and connectivity. Additionally, Chinese companies’
involvement in developing industrial and logistical hubs in Brazil provides employment
opportunities and knowledge transfer, stimulating local economies (Casanova, Xia &
Ferreira, 2016).
Meanwhile, China's collaboration with Brazil in the energy sector provides more stable
and diversified energy supplies, benefiting Brazil and surrounding nations. Access to
renewable energy technologies, like solar and wind, allows Latin American countries to
meet their rising energy demands while reducing carbon emissions (Méndez & Turzi,
2020).
In Asia, China's close ties with Brazil create an opportunity to strengthen relationships
with Latin America's broader economic community. Asian companies benefit from Brazil’s
large consumer base and resource-rich markets through favorable trade deals negotiated
under the BRICS umbrella (Christensen, 2015). Furthermore, the diplomatic alignment
between China and Brazil establishes a foundation for cross-continental cooperation,
providing Asian nations with a framework for securing raw materials and energy supplies.
The BRICS alliance plays a pivotal role in addressing regional inequalities by fostering
inclusive development through its shared initiatives. The New Development Bank (NDB),
established by BRICS nations, has provided financing for infrastructure and sustainable
development projects in all member states, including Brazil (Suchodolski &
Demeulemeester, 2018). In Latin America, NDB-funded projects prioritize access to clean
water, sanitation, transportation, and energy infrastructure, reducing disparities between
rural and urban regions.
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Moreover, BRICS nations emphasize South-South cooperation, particularly in capacity
building, technology transfer, and education. Their joint efforts support rural
development programs that empower marginalized communities through technical
training and microfinance opportunities. For instance, partnerships between Chinese and
Brazilian universities facilitate academic exchanges that produce innovative solutions for
poverty alleviation and agricultural productivity (Montoya, Delgado & Kaltenecker, 2019).
In Asia, China's participation in BRICS has strengthened regional initiatives by enhancing
infrastructure development across the continent. The BRICS-led Contingent Reserve
Arrangement provides financial safety nets to member countries facing liquidity crises,
ensuring stability in volatile economic times (Katada, Roberts & Armijo, 2017). Such
mechanisms empower developing nations to maintain social programs that uplift
impoverished regions, ultimately narrowing regional disparities.
7. Global Geopolitics and South-South Cooperation
The world is shifting from a unipolar system dominated by the United States to a
multipolar order characterized by multiple centers of power. This transformation is largely
driven by the economic rise of emerging markets, particularly China and India. Latin
America, with its rich resources and growing economies, has also become a key player
in global geopolitics. Alliances like BRICS have underscored this shift by providing a
platform for emerging economies to assert their influence. BRICS, which includes Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively represents a substantial portion of the
world’s population and economic output (Öniş & Kutlay, 2020).
China, a leading advocate for this multipolar order, has expanded its global influence
through infrastructure investments, trade agreements, and diplomatic engagements. Its
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) extends into Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and
Europe, reflecting China's strategic ambitions to reshape global commerce (Zreik, 2021).
Simultaneously, Brazil seeks to solidify its leadership in South America, leveraging its
economic strength, resource wealth, and strategic location.
Together, China and Brazil advocate for reforming international institutions to better
represent the current balance of global power. They emphasize inclusivity and the
equitable representation of developing economies, challenging the dominance of
Western-led structures like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Batista
Jr, 2021). BRICS, in this context, serves as a key platform for these efforts, with both
nations pushing for reforms that give emerging economies a stronger voice in global
governance.
BRICS has made significant strides in fostering South-South cooperation, offering an
alternative to traditional Western-led models of development. This includes the New
Development Bank (NDB), which funds sustainable development projects that bypass
traditional lenders, and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement, which provides financial
safety nets for member states (Qobo & Soko, 2015). These mechanisms are instrumental
in promoting inclusive growth and supporting long-term development strategies.
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In addition to economic goals, BRICS has played a critical role in diplomatic affairs. The
bloc regularly consults on foreign policy issues, presenting a unified stance on climate
change, cybersecurity, and trade liberalization. Joint military exercises, though limited in
scope, signal the willingness of BRICS nations to protect their shared interests (Bernal-
Meza, 2022). Sino-Brazilian cooperation, particularly, has become a driving force for
South-South alliances, serving as a model for how emerging economies can collaborate
on shared development goals (Blanchard, 2019).
China’s investments in Brazil have extended beyond bilateral relations into Latin America,
where infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, and ports enhance regional
connectivity. This infrastructure is vital for efficiently transporting commodities, thus
facilitating trade between Brazil and China and other Latin American countries. As Brazil
evolves into a logistical hub, neighboring nations gain better access to Asian markets
(Casanova, Xia & Ferreira, 2016).
Moreover, the Sino-Brazilian partnership emphasizes technology transfer initiatives that
strengthen the agricultural, energy, and manufacturing sectors. Brazil’s expertise in
agriculture, coupled with China's capabilities in manufacturing and digital infrastructure,
creates a powerful synergy that fosters productivity across regions (Xu et al., 2016).
Renewable energy collaboration is also a cornerstone of sustainable growth initiatives
between the two nations, with China investing in Brazil’s hydropower, wind, and solar
projects, while Brazil shares its agricultural technologies to ensure food security and
environmental sustainability (Rizzi, van Eck & Frey, 2014).
Beyond bilateral engagements, China and Brazil champion South-South cooperation
within multilateral organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade
Organization. Their joint efforts focus on addressing poverty alleviation, fair trade, and
environmental sustainability. For instance, both nations have advocated for agricultural
subsidies that protect the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in developing regions
(Scoones et al., 2016).
8. Conclusion
This paper has explored the evolving relationship between China and Brazil within the
BRICS framework and how it serves as a strategic platform for strengthening their
bilateral relations. Through an examination of bilateral trade agreements, cultural
exchanges, and political collaborations, it is evident that both nations have significantly
benefited from their partnership. This collaboration has not only advanced mutual
development but has also bolstered broader South-South cooperation, providing a
template for emerging economies to align their interests.
Their shared investments in renewable energy, agricultural technology, and digital
innovation underscore the potential for improving technological competitiveness and
achieving sustainable growth. By leveraging each other's strengths, China and Brazil can
address key challenges, such as diversifying energy sources and enhancing food security,
while contributing to global initiatives on climate change and digital transformation.
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Furthermore, this partnership highlights the strategic importance of BRICS in shaping
the emerging multipolar world order. BRICS provides an alternative model of inclusive
global governance, ensuring that the voices of developing nations are heard in
international institutions. Sino-Brazilian cooperation exemplifies how emerging
economies can challenge traditional power structures and foster equitable growth.
Looking ahead, it is essential for China and Brazil to continue deepening their partnership
by promoting technology transfer, aligning policy priorities, and increasing collaboration
in key sectors. Addressing challenges such as trade imbalances and environmental
impacts, while fostering public-private partnerships, will be crucial to ensuring the long-
term success of this relationship. By committing to these principles, Sino-Brazilian
relations can serve as a global example of cooperative progress and set the stage for
continued leadership within the BRICS alliance in promoting sustainable development
and a multipolar world order.
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